Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury and Hepatorenal Syndrome in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 2
Relationship of variables to death at 90 days for all participants.
Alive
Died
value
()
()
Age (years)
58 (48, 64)
59 (53, 66)
0.12
Male sex (%)
43 (69%)
41 (73%)
0.69
White race (%)
58 (91%)
53 (95%)
0.44
Non-Hispanic ethnicity (%)
53 (82%)
51 (91%)
0.34
Body mass index (kg/m2)
27.2 (23.6, 33.2)
29.0 (25.5, 32.2)
0.47
Presence of infection (%)
20 (31%)
25 (45%)
0.14
Other medical problems (%)
Diabetes mellitus
19 (31%)
17 (31%)
1.00
Chronic kidney disease
23 (37%)
15 (27%)
0.33
Cardiovascular disease
14 (22%)
10 (18%)
0.65
Hypertension
27 (43%)
21 (38%)
0.58
Etiology of cirrhosis
—
—
0.46
Prior complications of cirrhosis (%)
Any ascites
41 (64%)
33 (59%)
0.58
Ascites requiring paracentesis
28 (45%)
29 (53%)
0.46
Encephalopathy
27 (42%)
22 (39%)
0.85
Gastrointestinal bleeding
8 (13%)
13 (23%)
0.15
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
8 (13%)
6 (11%)
0.78
Portosystemic shunt
7 (11%)
4 (8%)
0.54
MELD score (admission)
23 (18, 29)
29 (23, 36)
<0.001
CLIF-SOFA score (admission)
8 (5, 10)
9 (8, 11)
0.01
Nephrologist consulted (%)
42 (66%)
51 (91%)
<0.001
AKI stage I or II (%)/stage III (%)
23 (36%)/41 (64%)
11 (20%)/45 (80%)
0.07
Required dialysis (%)
14 (22%)
24 (43%)
0.02
Medications received (%)
Intravenous albumin
45 (70%)
50 (89%)
0.01
Midodrine
28 (44%)
45 (80%)
<0.001
Octreotide
32 (50%)
45 (80%)
<0.001
Intravenous vasopressor
20 (31%)
30 (54%)
0.02
Laboratory values/vital signs
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
78 (71, 84)
74 (68, 80)
0.03
Urine output (mL/24 hours)
850 (500, 1200)
450 (275, 750)
<0.001
Enrollment creatinine (mg/dL)
1.8 (1.3, 2.4)
2.6 (1.9, 3.5)
<0.001
Peak creatinine (mg/dL)
2.3 (1.8, 3.9)
3.4 (2.8, 4.7)
<0.001
Sodium (mEq/L)
133 (129, 137)
134 (130, 139)
0.41
White blood count (K/uL)
10.1 (6.9, 16.9)
8.2 (5.3, 13.5)
0.09
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
8.3 (7.8, 9.5)
8.9 (8.1, 10.1)
0.09
Platelets (K/uL)
88 (59, 124)
72 (48, 104)
0.20
Albumin (g/dL)
2.9 (2.5, 3.5)
3.3 (2.8, 3.6)
0.06
International normalized ratio (INR)
1.6 (1.3, 2.0)
1.9 (1.5, 2.1)
0.02
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
3.7 (1.5, 8.7)
7.1 (3.0, 19.9)
0.001
Urine sodium < 10 mmol/L (%)
15 (39%)
22 (61%)
0.10
All values were taken at time of study enrollment unless otherwise noted. Continuous variables presented as median (quartile 1, quartile 3). AKI: acute kidney injury. Three participants who were lost to follow-up were included in the alive category. Subcategories the same as Table 1 (hepatitis C, alcohol, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, multifactorial, other). total. total.
