International Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Available Data

Table 5

Prevalence of CKD stages 3–5, for Select Nations and Regions Reporting^a.

Country	Reference	Population		Year(s) of survey	Ages surveyed (years)	Prevalence (%); stages 3–5
Europe
Denmark	—	—	—	—	—	—
France	Bongard et al. [51]	Representative cross section of French adults, standardized to the 2009 metropolitan population in France, as part of MONA LISA study	4727	2012	35–74.9	8.2
Germany	—	—	—	—	—	—
Greece	—	—	—	—	—	—
Italy	de Nicola et al. [15]	Population representative sample of adults in Italy; preliminary data from CARHES	3559	2008	35–79	2.4 (F), 3.5 (M)^b
Portugal	Vinhas et al. [52]	Nationally representative, random sample of adults, for the PREVADIAB study	5167	2008-2009	20–79	6.1
Russian Federation	—	—	—	—	—	—
Spain	González et al. [53]	Random selection of adults weighted to represent the Spanish population; part of the EPIRCE study	2746	2004–2008	≥20	6.8
Sweden	—	—	—	—	—	—
Netherlands	—	—	—	—	—	—
United Kingdom	Stevens et al. [49]	Adult patients with a valid SCr between Dec. 1, 1998, and Nov. 30, 2003; results age-standardized to the 2001 UK census; NEOERICA project	38,262	1990–2003	≥18	8.5
Asia
China	Zhang et al. [54]	Multistage, stratified sample of adults from 13 provinces as part of The China National Survey of Chronic Kidney Disease	47,204	2009-2010	≥18	1.3 (M), 2.2 (F)
Hong Kong	—	—	—	—	—	—
India	—	—	—	—	—	—
Japan	Imai et al. [50]	Adults from the general population, as part of an annual health-check program; standardized to the 2005 population	574,024	2005	≥20	10.6
Republic of Korea	Kang et al. [55]	Nationally representative survey of noninstitutionalized adults for the KNHANES	15,975	2007–2009	≥20	2.6 (M), 4.6 (F)
Turkey	Süleymanlar et al. [56]	Cluster sampled survey of Turkish adults, weighted to represent the population, as part of the CREDIT study	10,748	2007-2008	≥18	5.2
	Soylemezoglu et al. [13]	Cluster sampled survey of Turkish children, weighted to represent the population, as part of the CREDIT-C study	3622	2007-2008	5–18	0.13^d
Oceania
Australia	AIHW [57]	Population-based survey of noninstitutionalized Australians; updated estimates from the AusDiab study	11,247	1999-2000	≥25	5.9 (M), 9.5 (F)
The Americas
Brazil	—	—	—	—	—	—
Canada	Arora et al. [16]	CHMS: multistage, population-based survey with weighting to represent 96.3% of the Canadian population	3689	2007–2009	≥18	3.1^b
Mexico	Amato et al. [14]	Stratified random sample of adults assigned to three primary care facilities in the city of Morelia, Mexico	3564	1999-2000	≥18	8.5^c
United States	CDC [46]	Multistage stratified random sample of noninstitutionalized adults as part of NHANES	ns	1999–2010	≥20	8.0^e

—: data not available.
AIHW: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; AusDiab: Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study; CARHES: Cardiovascular risk in Renal Patients of the Italian Health Examination Survey; CDC: United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CHMS: Canadian Health Measures Survey; CREDIT: Chronic Renal Disease In Turkey; EPIRCE: Estudio Epidemiológico de la Insuficiencia Renal en España; F: female; KNHANES: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; M: male; MONA LISA: MONitoring NAtionaL du rISque Artériel; NEOERICA: NEw Opportunities for Early Renal Intervention by Computerised Assessment; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
^aNot including those on renal replacement therapies.
^bCKD-EPI equation used for estimating renal function.
^cCockroft-Gault equation used for estimating renal function.
^dSchwartz equation used for estimating renal function in children.
^eCKD stages 3-4 only.