A Higher Fructose Intake Is Associated with Greater Albuminuria in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the subjects included in the study classified by fructose intake (n = 136).
Variable
All
Low fructose intake (<25 g/day)
High fructose intake (≥25 g/day)
= 136
= 90
= 46
Age, years
59±8.79
59±9.46
59±7.41
0.924
Family history of T2DM
119, 87.5%
79, 87.8%
40, 87%
0.891
Diabetes duration, years
16.5±7.8
16±8
17±7
0.443
Current smoking
25, 18.4%
16, 17.8%
9, 19.6%
0.799
MAP, mmHg
90.9±12.6
90±13.26
92±11.4
0.472
BMI, kg/m2
29.6±4.2
29.8±4.2
29.3±4.2
0.558
Waist circumference, cm
100.8±11.3
100.4±10.8
101.6±12.4
0.574
WHR
0.95±.08
0.95±0.08
0.97±0.07
0.084
Body fat, %
32.7±8.2
33.8±7.6
30.4±9
0.033
Glucose, mg/dL
154.8±64.0
151.9±61.34
160.4±69.45
0.462
A1c, %
8.9±1.8
8.6±1.61
9.6±2.1
0.003
Creatinine, mg/dL
0.95[0.74-1.2]
1.08±0.93
1.25±0.74
0.281
BUN, mg/dL
17.0 [14-23.8]
19.6[13.6-21.3]
24.6[15.5-27.6]
0.022
Uric acid, mg/dL
6.6±1.8
6.27±1.8
7.2±1.5
0.012
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
173±38.4
167.2±33.3
186.5±44.4
0.005
Triglycerides, mg/dL
142.5 [104.2- 189.7]
162.3[101.2-195.5]
166.6[112.5-180.7]
0.936
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL
96.7±32.0
91.5±28.7
106.6±35.9
0.010
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL
45.9±11.4
45.1±10.6
47.5±12.7
0.230
Creatinine clearance, mL/min
88.3±35.8
94.9±36.8
76.5±30.9
0.014
Albuminuria, mg/day
87.3 [16.4-385.5]
60.8 [12.8-228.5]
232.2 [27.2 1273.0]
0.002
Insulin use
106, 77.9%
64, 71.1%
42, 91.3%
0.007
Insulin dose, U/kg
40 [24-53.2]
43.6[24.2-56.7]
40.1[22.7-51.7]
0.747
Metformin use
112, 82.4%
78, 86.7%
34, 73.9%
0.065
Sulfonylurea use
14, 10.3%
11, 12.2%
3, 6.5%
0.301
DPP-4 inhibitor use
10, 7.4%
6, 6.7%
4, 8.7%
0.668
ACE inhibitor use
47, 34.6%
31, 34.4%
16, 34.8%
0.969
ARB use
17, 12.5%
9, 10%
8, 17.4%
0.218
Aspirin use
69, 50.7%
44, 48.9%
25, 54.3%
0.547
Statin use
74, 54.4%
51, 56.7%
23, 50%
0.460
Fibrate use
34, 25%
26, 28.9%
8, 17.4%
0.143
Data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or numbers (percentage). P values obtained according to student T, U Mann-Whitney, or chi-squared tests as appropriate. MAP: mean arterial pressure, BMI: body mass index, WHR: waist to hip ratio, A1c: glycated hemoglobin, DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme
