Autophagy and mTOR Pathways Mediate the Potential Renoprotective Effects of Vitamin D on Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 1

H score of LC3 in glomeruli and tubules in all studied groups.

Parameters	Groups
	C	DN	DN + insulin	DN + vit D	DN + insulin + vit D
H score of LC3 in glomeruli
Mean ± SD	59.3 ± 3.7	0 ± 0^∗	237.83 ± 9.9^∗#	161.2 ± 10.8^∗#Ω	295 ± 5.27^∗# Ω¥
P1		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
P2			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
P3				<0.001	<0.001
P4					<0.001
H score of LC3 in tubules
Mean ± SD	205 ± 11.8	119.7 ± 6.8^∗	181.6 ± 5.31^∗#	274.2 ± 2.1^∗#Ω	293.6 ± 4.5^∗# Ω¥
P1		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
P2			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
P3				<0.001	<0.001
P4					<0.05

P1: compared to C group. P2: compared to DN group. P3: compared to DN + insulin group. P4: compared to DN + vit D group (: significant when compared to C group, #: significant when compared to DN group, Ω: significant when compared to DN + insulin group, ¥: significant when compared to DN + vit D group). Data are shown as means + SD (n = 10). ANOVA was used to make group comparisons. Significance: .