Chronic Kidney Disease among Diabetes Patients in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 4

Metaregression analysis for the included studies to identify the source(s) of heterogeneity.

Variables	Category	Coef.	Std. error	t value	value	(95% conf. interval)
Sample size	Total sample size	−0.0002	0.001	−0.14	0.895	(−0.004, 0.003)
Year of publication		0.069	0.303	0.23	0.824	(−0.607, 0.745)
Region	Amhara; Addis Ababa; Others (reference)	−0.011; 0.015	2.851; 2.297	−0.001; 0.001	0.997; 0.995	(−6.365, 6.341); (−5.104, 5.134)
Study design	Cross-sectional; Cohort (reference)	0.8430	2.231	0.38	0.713	(−4.128, 5.814)
Type of DM	Type 2; Type 1 & 2 (reference)	−0.102	2.260	−0.05	0.965	(−5.139, 4.934)
GFR equation/formula	MDRD; CKD-EPI; CG (reference)	0.099; 0.013	1.646 1.472	0.06; 0.01	0.953 0.993	(−3.568, 3.767); (−3.266, 3.293)
Sampling technique	Systematic random; Simple random; Census; Convenience (reference)	0.159; 0.542; 0.245	2.244; 2.561; 1.678	0.07; 0.21; 0.72	0.945; 0.837; 0.563	(−4.840, 5.159); (−5.166, 6.250); (−3.456, 4.951)

CG: Cockcroft–Gault; MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration prediction equation.