Research Article
Renal Failure among Women of Reproductive Age in Burundi: Estimating the Prevalence and Associated Factors Using Population-Based Data
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and the distribution of renal failure (n = 17,269).
| | Variable | Number of respondents (%) | Renal failure | | | Yes (%) | No (%) |
| | Age | | <0.001 | | 15–19 | 3968 (23.0) | 83 (2.1) | 3885 (97.9) | | | 20–24 | 3250 (18.8) | 93 (2.9) | 3157 (97.1) | | 25–29 | 2936 (17.0) | 122 (4.2) | 2814 (95.8) | | 30–34 | 2430 (14.1) | 135 (5.6) | 2295 (94.4) | | 35–39 | 1941 (11.2) | 127 (6.5) | 1814 (93.5) | | 40–44 | 1541 (8.9) | 138 (9.0) | 1403 (91.0) | | 45–49 | 1203 (7.0) | 142 (11.8) | 1061 (88.2) |
| | Residential status | | <0.001 | | Urban | 3671 (21.3) | 105 (2.9) | 3566 (97.1) | | | Rural | 13598 (78.7) | 735 (5.4) | 12863 (94.6) |
| | Geographical region | | <0.001 | | Bubanza | 817 (4.7) | 20 (2.5) | 797 (97.5) | | | Bujumbura Rural | 950 (5.5) | 28 (3.0) | 922 (97.0) | | Bururi | 933 (5.4) | 96 (10.3) | 837 (89.7) | | Cankuzo | 856 (5.0) | 5 (0.6) | 851 (99.4) | | Cibitoke | 922 (5.3) | 28 (3.0) | 894 (97.0) | | Gitega | 1153 (6.7) | 62 (5.4) | 1091 (94.6) | | Karusi | 933 (5.4) | 6 (0.6) | 927 (99.4) | | Kayanza | 1084 (6.3) | 47 (4.3) | 1037 (95.7) | | Kirundo | 982 (5.7) | 26 (2.6) | 956 (97.4) | | Makamba | 941 (5.5) | 199 (21.2) | 742 (78.8) | | Muramvya | 913 (5.3) | 5 (0.6) | 908 (99.4) | | Muyinga | 996 (5.8) | 5 (0.6) | 991 (99.5) | | Mwaro | 886 (5.1) | 19 (2.1) | 867 (97.9) | | Ngozi | 1032 (6.0) | 20 (1.9) | 1012 (98.1) | | Rutana | 904 (5.2) | 42 (4.7) | 862 (95.3) | | Ruyigi | 908 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 908 (100.0) | | Bujumbura Mairie | 1155 (6.7) | 33 (2.9) | 1122 (97.1) | | Rumonge | 904 (5.2) | 199 (22.0) | 705 (78.0) |
| | Education | | <0.001 | | No formal education | 5879 (34.0) | 405 (6.9) | 5474 (93.1) | | | Primary | 6555 (38.0) | 312 (4.8) | 6243 (95.2) | | Secondary+ | 4835 (28.0) | 123 (2.5) | 4712 (97.5) |
| | Religion | | 0.078 | | Christianity | 16285 (94.3) | 806 (5.0) | 15479 (95.0) | | | Islam | 681 (3.9) | 26 (3.8) | 655 (96.2) | | Traditional/no religion | 303 (1.8) | 8 (2.6) | 295 (97.4) |
| | Exposure to media | | 0.259 | | Yes | 9109 (52.8) | 459 (5.0) | 8650 (95.0) | | | No | 8160 (47.2) | 381 (4.7) | 7779 (95.3) |
| | Wealth quintiles | | <0.001 | | Poorest | 3333 (19.3) | 106 (3.2) | 3227 (96.8) | | | Poorer | 3393 (19.7) | 150 (4.4) | 3243 (95.6) | | Middle | 3560 (20.6) | 163 (4.6) | 3397 (95.4) | | Richer | 3638 (21.1) | 220 (6.1) | 3418 (93.9) | | Richest | 3345 (19.4) | 201 (6.0) | 3144 (94.0) |
| | Marital status | | <0.001 | | Unmarried | 6280 (36.4) | 156 (2.5) | 6124 (97.5) | | | Currently married/living with a partner | 9559 (55.4) | 592 (6.2) | 8967 (93.8) | | Formerly married | 1430 (8.3) | 92 (6.4) | 1338 (93.6) |
| | Health insurance coverage | | 0.013 | | Covered | 4003 (23.2) | 165 (4.1) | 3838 (95.9) | | | Not covered | 13266 (76.8) | 675 (5.1) | 12591 (94.9) |
| | Participation in labor force | | <0.001 | | Yes | 13311 (77.1) | 733 (5.5) | 12578 (94.5) | | | No | 3958 (22.9) | 107 (2.7) | 3851 (97.3) |
| | Parity | | <0.001 | | Nil | 6188 (35.8) | 151 (2.4) | 6037 (97.6) | | | 1–3 | 5267 (30.5) | 209 (4.0) | 5058 (96.0) | | 4+ | 5814 (33.7) | 480 (8.3) | 5334 (91.7) |
| | Source of drinking water | | <0.001 | | Improved | 14358 (83.1) | 660 (4.6) | 13698 (95.4) | | | Unimproved | 2911 (16.9) | 180 (6.2) | 2731 (93.8) |
| | Sanitation | | 0.002 | | Improved | 9944 (57.6) | 528 (5.3) | 9416 (94.7) | | | Unimproved | 7325 (42.4) | 312 (4.3) | 7013 (95.7) |
| | Ever had a terminated pregnancy | | <0.001 | | Yes | 2110 (12.2) | 199 (9.4) | 1911 (90.4) | | | No | 15159 (87.8) | 641 (4.2) | 14518 (95.8) |
| | Source of drinking water | | <0.001 | | Improved | 14358 (83.1) | 660 (4.6) | 13698 (95.4) | | | Unimproved | 2911 (16.9) | 180 (6.2) | 2731 (93.8) |
| | Sanitation | | 0.002 | | Improved | 9944 (57.6) | 528 (5.3) | 9416 (94.7) | | | Unimproved | 7325 (42.4) | 312 (4.3) | 7013 (95.7) |
| | Ever had a terminated pregnancy | | <0.001 | | Yes | 2110 (12.2) | 199 (9.4) | 1911 (90.4) | | | No | 15159 (87.8) | 641 (4.2) | 14518 (95.8) |
| | Body mass index | | 0.236 | | Underweight | 1509 (17.6) | 59 (3.9) | 1450 (96.1) | | | Normal | 6258 (72.9) | 289 (4.6) | 5969 (95.4) | | Overweight | 630 (7.3) | 37 (5.9) | 593 (94.1) | | Obese | 184 (2.1) | 7 (3.8) | 177 (96.2) |
| | Ever used anything or tried to delay or avoid getting pregnant | | 0.001 | | Yes | 5835 (33.8) | 328 (5.6) | 5507 (94.4) | | | No | 11434 (66.2) | 512 (4.5) | 10922 (95.5) |
| | Anemia status | | 0.643 | | Anemic | 3176 (37.2) | 149 (4.7) | 3027 (95.3) | | | Not anemic | 5363 (62.8) | 240 (4.5) | 5123 (95.5) |
| | Smoking/use tobacco product | | 0.056 | | Yes | 849 (4.9) | 53 (6.2) | 796 (93.8) | | | No | 16420 (95.1) | 787 (4.8) | 15633 (95.2) |
| | Alcohol use | | <0.001 | | Yes | 8145 (47.2) | 341 (4.2) | 7804 (95.8) | | | No | 9124 (52.8) | 499 (5.5) | 8625 (94.5) |
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