Review Article
Impact of National Economy and Policies on End-Stage Kidney Care in South Asia and Southeast Asia
Table 1
Group-wise demographics, healthcare economics, and distribution of kidney replacement therapy in SA and SEA.
| | Variables | Overall | Higher economies (HE)/lower economies (LE) | | N | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | N | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max |
| | Population | 15 | 162.5 | 338.8 | 53.7 | 0.43 | 1352.6 | 6/9 | 23/255.5 | 25.6/419.7 | 15.6/107 | 0.43/21.7 | 69.4/1352.6 | | PPP (GDP by PPP) (USD) | 15 | 26624.9 | 30094.1 | 12284 | 2682 | 93905 | 6/9 | 55648/7276.1 | 28849.8/3431.8 | 56922/6775 | 17871/2682 | 93905/12811 | | PCI (USD) | 15 | 16106 | 24290 | 3605 | 681 | 83250 | 6/9 | 35657.6/3071.8 | 29471/3450 | 28129 1770.3 | 5960/681 | 83250/11970 | | Total national health expenditure (% of GDP) | 15 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 6/9 | 4.6/4.5 | 1.28/1.5 | 4.6/4 | 2.6/2.8 | 6.3/7.1 | | Current healthcare expenditure per capita (USD) | 14 | 365.65 | 673.68 | 131.24 | 36.28 | 2618.71 | 5/9 | 865.21/88.12 | 992.72/46.09 | 440.83/69.29 | 247.04/36.28 | 2618.71/159.48 | | Current healthcare expenditure per PPP (USD) | 14 | 811.48 | 1104.4 | 373.69 | 94.38 | 4269.96 | 5/9 | 1759.7/284.98 | 1477.3/132.94 | 1138.96/287.64 | 670.88/94.38 | 4269.96/503.5 |
| | ESKD population | | Incidence/million | 14 | 226.9 | 100.9 | 190.5 | 100 | 455 | 6/8 | 305.8/167.75 | 102.9/45 | 286.8/163 | 171/100 | 455/250 | | Prevalence/million | 12 | 1053 | 855.1 | 940.8 | 172 | 3219 | 5/7 | 1778.6/534.8 | 837.1/348.2 | 1306/321 | 1268/172 | 3219/1046.5 |
| | Distribution of funding for dialysis | | Government | 14 | 59.6 | 35.1 | 63.3 | 0 | 100 | 5/9 | 64.8/54.6 | 90/51 | 40.7/33 | 0/10 | 100/100 | | Insurance | 13 | 12.6 | 27.8 | 0.5 | 0 | 99.8 | 4/9 | 29.8/4.8 | 1/0.5 | 47.5/9.7 | 0/0 | 99.8/30 | | OPP | 14 | 28.6 | 28.8 | 13.2 | 0 | 75 | 5/9 | 7.3/40.5 | 10/49 | 7.1/29.7 | 0/0 | 16.3/75 |
| | Monthly cost (in USD) | | HD | 14 | 798.6 | 608.9 | 590 | 250 | 2000 | 5/9 | 1443.4/440.4 | 1550/400 | 586.8/161.8 | 800/250 | 2000/704 | | PD | 14 | 757.8 | 592.5 | 550 | 300 | 2500 | 5/9 | 1301.6/455.7 | 1050/425 | 727.7/134.8 | 700/300 | 2500/706 |
| | Distribution of RRT treatment options | | HD (%) | 15 | 64.9 | 28.1 | 70 | 10 | 95 | 6/9 | 67.6/63.2 | 27.9/29.8 | 78.7/67.3 | 15/10 | 87.1/95 | | PD (%) | 15 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 7 | 0.5 | 46 | 6/9 | 19.1/4 | 15.5/3.1 | 10.1/3.4 | 8.8/0.5 | 46/10 | | KT (%) | 15 | 9.2 | 10 | 5 | 0.8 | 39 | 6/9 | 13.4/6.4 | 13.7/6 | 7.4/5 | 4/0.8 | 39/21 | | CS (%) | 15 | 16.3 | 26.4 | 0 | 0 | 84.5 | 6/9 | 0.2/27 | 0.4/29.9 | 0/20 | 0/0 | 1/84.5 |
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GDP, gross domestic product; PPP, purchase power parity; USD, US dollars; PCI, per capita income; OPP, out-of-pocket payment; PD, peritoneal dialysis; HD, hemodialysis; KT, kidney transplant; CS, conservative.
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