Effects of Standardized Brazilian Green Propolis Extract (EPP-AF®) on Inflammation in Haemodialysis Patients: A Clinical Trial

Figure 3

Heatmap demonstrating the inflammation profile of patients in the measured periods. The heatmap (a) shows data for the mean plasma concentration of each indicated marker per time point, and the data were log-transformed and Z score normalized. This approach was used to illustrate trends in data variation. A hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method with 100X bootstrap) was used to group the biomarkers with similar distributions between the time points. Dendrograms represent Euclidean distance. The red and blue colours demonstrate a higher and lower inflammatory pattern, respectively. The fold differences between the indicated means were calculated, and log10 values were plotted (b). Differences between each time point were examined using the Wilcoxon matched paired test. Red bars indicate mediators that were significantly different between the groups.