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| Reference | Type of disease | Study groups | Key findings |
|
| Rahmania et al. [55] | AKI | 96 pts with ARDS who were not receiving RRT at diagnosis | Plasma endocan levels in ARDS pts requiring RRT during hospitalization are higher than in those not needing RRT. Endocan and cre levels combined are most valuable in predicting the need for RRT |
| Gunay et al. [42] | AKI | 39 pts with AKI | Endocan levels are higher in AKI pts than in NC. ROC analysis showed significant sensitivity and specificity in the identification of AKI |
| Gaudet et al. [56] | AKI | 99 severe septic pts | Renal SOFA was the only component of the SOFA score associated with higher ECR. Circulating concentration of p14 might be influenced by the severity of AKI in septic pts |
| Yilmaz et al. [11] | CKD | 251 pts with CKD (stage 1–5), not receiving dialysis | CKD pts displayed higher plasma endocan levels than controls, which correlated with lower eGFR and markers of inflammation and vascular abnormalities (FMV and CIMT). Plasma endocan levels were associated with all-cause of mortality and CVE independently of traditional risk factors |
| Bao et al. 2018 [57] | CKD | 54 pts with CKD, stage 5, not receiving dialysis | Increased serum endocan is significantly associated with elevated night/day heart rate ratio in nondialysis stage 5 CKD pts |
| Perrotti et al. [58] | CKD | 166 pts with preoperative CKD who underwent cardiac surgery | Measurement of plasma endocan in CKD pts after cardiac surgery predicts postoperative pulmonary infection with high sensitivity and specificity in a more time-saving way compared to clinical diagnosis |
| Pawlak et al. [10] | CKD | 53 pts with CKD with and without CVD | Plasma endocan, soluble adhesion molecules sICAM-1/sVCAM-1, and hs-CRP were higher in pts with CKD and CVD than in CKD pts without CVD. There was no correlation between endocan levels and kidney function markers (eGFR, cre, and urea). In CKD pts with CVD, a positive correlation was observed between endocan and sICAM-1 and sVCAM |
| Samouilidou et al. [46] | CKD | 105 pts with CKD, divided into nondialysis and HD subgroups | In CKD pts on HD, serum endocan levels were higher than in nondialyzed pts and controls. Endocan levels were significantly and positively correlated with TC and LDL-C in CKD, and additionally were negatively correlated with HDL-C in the HD group. Multiple regression analysis between endocan and lipid parameters including PON1 and PON3 fractions of PON, revealed that endocan was independently associated only with PON1 concentration |
| Mc Millan et al. [46] | CKD | 90 pts with CKD-stage 5, on HD, with and without HF | In CKD pts with HD, there were no significant differences in plasma endocan levels of HD pts in stage 5 CKD with and without HF. In contrast to endocan, NT-proBNP and KIM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in HF (+)-CKD5-HD pts |
| Oka et al. [48] | CKD | 21 CKD pts on PD | In PD patients, serum endocan levels were significantly increased in those belonging to the rapid decrease of the urine volume group, compared to the slow-volume group. Serum endocan was positively correlated with proteinuria level, serum cre, but not with urine volume at baseline |
| Poon et al. [47] | CKD | 193 CKD pts on PD | PD patients having higher serum endocan levels had lower serum albumin, higher carotid-femoral PWV, and higher CRP. Serum endocan level was an independent predictor of cardiovascular-free survival |
| Li et al. [59] | CKD | 60 pts who underwent RT, divided into a normally functioning renal allograft group and acute rejection subgroups | In patients with acute rejection, ESM-1 mRNA and protein expression peripheral blood increased significantly compared to patients with normal allograft function or dysfunction from other causes. |
| Lee et al. [12] | CKD | 203 KT recipients with different etiologies of allograft dysfunction | In pts with acute ABMR, both plasma and urinary endocan levels were significantly higher than pts with normal pathology or other kidney etiologies. Pts with high urinary and plasma endocan levels in the ABMR group displayed significant worse renal survival and higher scores of microvascular inflammation in biopsy specimens |
| Su et al. [50] | CKD | 97 RT recipients | Renal transplant pts with higher serum endocan levels displayed higher cre and lower eGFR levels than pts with lower endocan after 3 months of follow-up |
| Malyszko et al. [49] | CKD | 63 RT recipients | Endocan level correlated positively with other markers of endothelial damage (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and negatively with eGFR and time after transplantation |
| De Souza et al. [60] | CKD | 62 pediatric renal transplants with and without HT | In pediatric pts with HT and loss of renal function, serum endocan levels were significantly elevated and inversely correlated with eGFR. An endocan cutoff concentration of 70 ng/mL identified pts who had HT and loss of renal function with 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity |
| Ekiz-Bellir et al. [53] | DN | 96 DM2 pts, classified according to their 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate | In DM2 pts, endocan and endoglin serum levels were significantly higher than in controls. Endocan levels of DN pts were higher than those of normoalbuminuric pts, but there was no significant difference in endoglin levels between these groups |
| Cikrikcioglu et al. [54] | DN | 137 DM2 pts, divided into normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria groups | Pts with DM2 and macroalbuminuria had significantly lower serum endocan levels than normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric pts. Urine albumin-cre ratio (UACR) and urine protein-cre ratio (UPCR) displayed negative correlation with endocan levels in pts with macroalbuminuria |
| Lee et al. [51] | IgAN | 64 pts with IgAN | In pts with IgAN, both plasma and urine endocan levels were significantly higher than in controls. Plasma endocan levels were not significantly different across CKD stages; however, the urine endocan levels increased in advanced CKD stages. Cox proportional hazard models showed that high plasma endocan was an independent risk factor for CKD progression |
| Raptis et al. [52] | ADPKD | 26 ADPKD pts with preserved renal function in comparison to 26 ADPKD pts with impaired renal function | Pts with ADPKD with impaired renal function had significantly increased levels of endocan in comparison to ADPKD with preserved renal function and controls. A strong correlation was observed between ADMA and endocan, as well as between ADMA and angiopoietin-2 |
| Ekinci et al. [78] | ADPKD | 51 ADPKD pts | In ADPKD pts, serum endocan, CIMT, and ADMA levels were higher, whereas NMD was lower in pts with eGFR≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2 than pts with eGFR>60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
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