Renal Denervation Influences Angiotensin II Types 1 and 2 Receptors

Table 1

The effect of renal denervation on angiotensin II receptors in the kidney.

Model	Before renal denervation	Renal denervation	After renal denervation	Receptor assay	Reference
Normotensive rats; Hydropenic rats (volume deficient state)	—	Unilateral	Increase of density, number, or affinity of glomerular Ang II receptors	Ligand binding assay	[4, 61, 66, 67]
Spontaneously hypertensive rats	—	Acute in left kidney	Increase of AT1R functionality in the renal vasculature	—	[65]
Spontaneously hypertensive rats	Decrease of vasoconstrictor response to vasoactive agents by carvedilol	Acute in left kidney	Increase the sensitivity of renal AT1R to the vasoactive agents	—	[7]
Spontaneously hypertensive rats	—	Bilateral (chemically)	Downregulate AT1R in plasma and PVN	Western blotting (antibodies against AT1R: No. ab124505, Abcam)	[107]
2K1C rats	Upregulate the expression of AT1R and AT2R mRNAs in ischemic kidney	Unilateral	Normalize the expression of AT1R and AT2R mRNAs in ischemic kidney	Quantitative real-time PCR	[76]
2K1C rats	Upregulate Ang II receptor expression in RVLM and PVN	Unilateral	Decrease of Ang II receptor expression in RVLM and PVN	Quantitative real-time PCR	[76]
Chronic foot shock-induced hypertension in rats	Increase of AT1aR mRNA and protein expression in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus	Bilateral	Decrease of AT1aR mRNA and protein expression in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus	AT1a mRNAs: real-time PCR; Expressions of AT1a: western blotting (primary antibody: Santa Cruz Biotech, Inc.)	[108]
Chronic HF rabbit model	Increase of the proportion of AT1R to AT2R expression in renal cortex	Unilateral	Decrease of the AT1R expression and increase of the AT2R expression in the renal cortex	Antibody-based method (primary antibodies: AT1R and AT2R rabbit polyclonal antibody, 1:500, Santa Cruz)	[75, 83]
HF canine model	Upregulate mRNA expression and protein levels of AT1R hypothalamus	Catheter-based renal denervation	Decrease of mRNA expression and protein levels of AT1R in the hypothalamus	AT1 mRNAs: real-time PCR; Protein expressions of AT1R: western blot	[81]
HF rats model	Upregulating mRNA expressions of AT1R in lamina terminalis and hypothalamic PVN	Bilateral	Reduced mRNA expressions of AT1R in lamina terminalis and hypothalamic PVN	Real-time PCR.	[112]
Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats with HF	No changes in renal Ang II receptor binding characteristics	Bilateral	Unchanged	Radioligand binding assay	[69]
Cardiomyopathy rats model	—	Bilateral	Downregulation of cardiac AT1R	Western blot (Abcam Inc, UK)	[74]
Cardiorenal syndrome rats model	Upregulation of AT1aR mRNA in the left ventricle and downregulation in the renal cortex	Bilateral	Ameliorate AT1aR mRNA in the left ventricle and downregulation in the renal cortex	Real-time PCR	[88]
MI rats model	—	Bilateral	Decrease of AT1R in heart	Western blot (primary antibody: AT1R, 1:1000; Abcam, UK)	[113]
Aortic regurgitation rats model	Increase of AT1aR mRNA in renal cortical tissue	Chronic unilateral	Suppressing the increased level of AT1aR mRNA	Real-time PCR	[90]
PKD rats model	Decrease of the mRNA expression level of AT1aR in kidney	Bilateral	No change	Real-time quantitative PCR	[95]
Diabetic rats model	Decrease in number of Ang II glomerular sites	Unilateral	Increase in the number of Ang II glomerular sites	Receptor-binding assay	[67]
Diabetic rats model	Increases in AT1R expression in the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct	Chronic bilateral	Decrease of the expression of AT1R in the cortical and outer medullary collecting duct	Immunohistochemistry assay (monoclonal AT1R: ab9391; 1:20, Abcam)	[96]
Sheep thyroidectomy fetuses model	Change AT1R and AT2R mRNA and protein levels in kidney	Bilateral	Regulate AT1R and AT2R receptor expression in kidney	AT1 and AT2 mRNA: RNase protection assay (RPA kit III; Ambion); AT1 and AT2 proteins: western blot	[103]