International Journal of Nephrology

Review Article

The Impact of Hot Ambient Temperature and Prolonged Fasting Duration during Ramadan on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review

Table 1

Methods of studies on impact of Ramadan fasting on subjects with or without chronic kidney disease.


Reference	Type of study	Number of centers	Nonfasting controls (Y/N)	Sex (M/F)	Average age (years)	Dates (summer: 5/15–9/15)	Fasting duration (hours)	Minimum-maximum daily ambient temperature (°C)	Statistical analysis provided (Y/N)

[34]	Retrospective	M	N	69/31	60	9/7–7/8/2013	17	15–35	Y
						29/6–27/7/2014

[35]	Retrospective	S	Y	51.5/48.5	49.7	6/6−5/7/2016	15	28–43	Y
				55.5/44.5	50.4	27/5–24/6/2017

[36]	Prospective	S	N	42/58	45.6	11/8–8/9/2010	15	15–40	Y

[37]	Prospective	S	N	47/53	75	29/6–27/7/2014	17	15–35	Y

[38]	Prospective	S	N	61/39	53.1	18/6–17/7/2015	15	25–45	Y

[39]	Prospective	S	N	50/50	39	NR	NR	NR	Y

[40]	Prospective	S	N	40/60	53	16/11–15/12/2001	12	10–25	Y
				100/0	48.3

[41]	Prospective	S	N	61/39	54	4/10–3/11/2005	13	20–30	Y

[42]	Prospective	S	N	57/43	44	August/2011	14	22–38	Y
						July–August/2012

[43]	Prospective	S	Y	17/83	45.6	18/6–17/7/2015	17	17–33	Y
				42/58	47.9

[44]	Prospective	S	Y	60/40	58.4	22/8–19/9/2009 11/8–8/9/2009 1/8–30/8/2009	15	25–40	Y
				50/50	60.9

[45]	Prospective	S	Y	70/30	66.8	18/6–17/7/2015	17.5	18–30	Y
				51/49	64.1

[46]	Prospective	S	Y	54/46	68	7/6–5/7/2016	17	15–40	Y
				47/53	69

[47]	Prospective	S	Y	51.5/48.5	58.7	16/5–14/6/2018	17	5–30	Y
				49.3/50.7	60.1

[48]	Prospective	S	Y	64/36	65.4	6/5–3/6/2019	16.5	10–25	Y
				62.5/37.5	61.2

[49]	Prospective	S	N	56/44	60.5	6/6–5/7/2016	15	30–45	Y

[50]	Prospective	S	N	40/60	61.9	16/5–14/6/2018	16	18–35	Y

[51]	Prospective	S	N	36/64	46	6/5–3/6/2019	14.5	25–45	N

[52]	Prospective	S	N	80/20	48.7	6/6–5/7/2016	16	25–40	Y
				33/67	49.7
				67/33	49
[53]	Prospective	S	N	38/62	55.1	6/6–5/7/2016	16	25–40	Y
					55.3
					47.7

[54]	Prospective	S	N	54/46	49.9	27/5–24/6/2017	13	24–32	Y
				55/45	54.7

[55]	Prospective	S	N	47/53	53.1	6/5–3/6/2019	14.5	25–40	Y

[56]	Prospective	S	N	21/79	57.2	6/5–3/6-2019	15.5	14–43	Y

[57]	Prospective	S	N	30/70	50	11/8–8/9/2010	15	25–42	Y

[58]	Prospective	S	N	23/77	52.1	11/8–9/9/2010	14	23–32	Y

M, multicenter; S, single center; Y/N, yes/no; M/F, male/female; NR, not reported. Dates for the summer months and the corresponding average temperature and average durations are for the northern hemisphere.