The Impact of Hot Ambient Temperature and Prolonged Fasting Duration during Ramadan on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review

Table 2

Methods of impact of Ramadan fasting on incidence of nephrolithiasis.

Reference	Type of study	Number of centers	Nonfasting controls (Y/N)	Sex (M/F)	Average age (years)	Dates (summer: 5/15–9/15)	Fasting duration (hours)	Minimum-maximum daily ambient temperature (°C)	Statistical analysis provided (Y/N)
[59]	Prospective	M	Y	69/31	36.4	NR	NR	NR	Y
[60]	Prospective	S	N	100/0	20–45	NR	NR	NR	Y
[61]	Retrospective	S	N	75/25	45.8	Dec–Feb/1998–2002 June–Aug/2011–2015	12	0–25	Y
							15	26–46
[62]	Prospective	S	N	100/0	41.7	1/9–30/9/2008	14	34-17	Y
[63]	Retrospective	S	Y	71/29	40	16/5–14/6/2018	14.5	30–46	Y
						6/5–3/6/2019
[64]	Retrospective	M	N	72/28	37.6	27/11–26/12/2000	13.5	15–35	Y
[65]	Retrospective	S	Y	100/0	NR	Mar-Apr/1992	13.5	15–40	Y
						Feb-Mar/1993
						Feb-Mar/1994
[66]	Prospective	S	N	64/36	40.5	16/5-14/6/2018	15.5	23–44	Y

M, multicenter; S, single center; Y/N, yes/no; M/F, male/female; NR, not reported. Dates for the summer months and the corresponding average temperature and average durations are for the northern hemisphere.