The Impact of Hot Ambient Temperature and Prolonged Fasting Duration during Ramadan on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review

Table 3

Methods of studies on impact of Ramadan fasting on dialysis patients.

Reference	Type of study	Number of centers	Nonfasting controls (Y/N)	Sex (M/F)	Average age (years)	Dates (summer: 5/15–9/15)	Fasting duration (hours)	Minimum-maximum daily ambient temperature (°C)	Statistical analysis provided (Y/N)
[58]	Prospective	S	N	53/47	47.7	11/8–9/9/2010	14	23–32	Y
[67]	Retrospective	S	Y	47/53	60	1989–2012	—	—	Y
[68]	Prospective	M	Y	52/48	53.3	29/6–27/7/2014	14	25–49	N
				56/44	58.4
[69]	Prospective	S	Y	68/32	56.9	16/5–14/6/2018	16	20–42	Y
				59/41	55.2
				51/49	59.4
[70]	Prospective	M	Y	60/40	49.9	6/6–5/7/2016	16	25–40	Y
				54/46	49.5
				58/42	53.7
[71]	Prospective	S	Y	65/35	47.7	NR	NR	NR	Y
				52/48	51.6
[72]	Prospective	M	N	46/54	54	1/8–30/8/2011	14	23–43	Y
[73]	Prospective	M	N	55/48	54.3	16/5–14/6/2018	13.5	25–35	Y
[74]	Prospective	S	N	NR	35.5	NR	NR	NR	Y
[75]	Prospective	S	N	44/56	41.8	22/8–19/9/2009	14	25–45	Y

M, multicenter; S, single center; Y/N, yes/no; M/F, male/female; NR, not reported. Dates for the summer months and the corresponding average temperature and average durations are for the northern hemisphere.