The Impact of Hot Ambient Temperature and Prolonged Fasting Duration during Ramadan on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review

Table 4

Methods of studies on impact of Ramadan fasting on kidney transplantation recipients.

Reference	Type	Number of centers	Nonfasting controls (Y/N)	Sex (M/F)	Average age (years)	Dates (summer: 5/15 –9/15)	Fasting duration (hours)	Minimum-maximum daily ambient temperature (°C)	Statistical analysis provided (Y/N)
[76]	Prospective	S	Y	58/42 matched?	33.5	15/10–13/11/2004	13.5	10–30	N
					38.3
[77]	Prospective	S	N	55/45	41.7	1/9–30/9/2008	14	20–39	N
					44.9
[78]	Prospective	S	N	50/50	39	NR	NR	NR	Y
[79]	Prospective	S	Y	46.5/53.5	43.7	1/8–30/8/2011	14.5	30–49	Y
				57/43	41.8
[80]	Retrospective	S	Y	64/36	44.2	19/6–27/7/2014	14	25–49	Y
				62/38	43.6
[81]	Prospective	S	N	64/36	38.7	23/2–23/3/1993	13	15–38	Y
					39.9
[82]	Prospective	S	N	78/22	35.5	22/1/–19/2/1996	12.5	5–25	Y
[83]	Prospective	S	N	64/36	26.4	10/1–8/2/1997	12.5	0–20	Y
[84]	Prospective	S	Y	63/37	37.3	27/11–26/12/2000	12	10–30	Y
				58/42	40.1
[85]	Prospective	S	Y	69/31	39.5	Oct-Nov/2004–2006	13	15–35	Y
				76/24	41.5
[86]	Prospective	S	N	45/55	47	15/10–13/11/2004	13	20–30	Y
[87]	Prospective	M	Y	71/29	42	13/9–12/10/2007	14	20–35	Y
				60/40	43

M, multicenter; S, single center; Y/N, yes/no; M/F, male/female; NR, not reported. Dates for the summer months and the corresponding average temperature and average durations are for the northern hemisphere.