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| Reference | Methods | Outcomes |
|
| [76] | Prospective study from Tehran, Iran, that included 19 fasting and 20 nonfasting kidney transplant recipients | No significant change in serum creatinine from a baseline level of <135 μmol/L |
| [77] | Prospective study from Tripoli, Libya, that included 20 fasting (Cr Cl 96 mL/min for M and 101 mL/min for F) kidney transplant recipients | All completed the fast |
| Nonsignificant increase in Cr Cl as well as no change in weight, BP, or urine volume |
| [78] | Prospective study from Tabriz, Iran, that included 24 kidney transplant recipients with creatinine levels <160 μmol/L | No changes in serum Cr, electrolytes, BP, or urine volume were observed. Study dates were not reported |
| [79] | Prospective study from Riyadh, KSA, that included 43 fasting (eGFR 75.6 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 37 nonfasting (eGFR 65.9 mL/min/1.73 m2) kidney transplant recipients | Mean and percentage changes in eGFR were similar in the two groups. Mean eGFR values were similar pre- and post-Ramadan in the fasting group regardless of baseline eGFR. No increased risks of rejection, UTI, or calculi reported |
| [80] | Retrospective study from Riyadh, KSA, that included 280 fasting (eGFR 72.7 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 285 nonfasting (eGFR 72.8 mL/min/1.73 m2) kidney transplant recipients | No statistically significant differences in eGFR, BP, proteinuria, or drug levels were observed after compared to before Ramadan. Baseline eGFR and baseline proteinuria were statistically significant risk factors for a change in eGFR as determined by regression analysis |
| [81] | Prospective study from Madina, KSA, that included 11 recipients of a kidney transplant more than one year previously who were maintained on steroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine | No significant changes in kidney function (nb: eGFR and Cr Cl not recorded). Serum potassium increased during Ramadan but remained within normal range. The observed decrease in FENa did not achieve statistical significance |
| [82] | Prospective study from Riyadh, KSA, that included 23 kidney transplant recipients with a baseline creatinine of 117 μmol/L | No significant change in Cr or serum/urine electrolytes in patients with normal or low eGFRs except for an observed increase in serum potassium levels (albeit remaining within the normal range) in patients with normal eGFR |
| [83] | Prospective study from Algiers, Algeria, that included 14 participants who received a kidney transplant less than a year before the study and presented with a mean baseline creatinine of 115 and normal BP | No significant change in BP, weight, Cr levels, or urine volume was observed. The authors reported a significant increase in uric acid, urea, protein, and urinary levels of sodium and potassium, and a significant drop in proteinuria |
| [84] | Prospective study from Kuwait that included 71 fasting and 74 nonfasting kidney transplant recipients. Baseline creatinine levels were 98 and 103 for those who were fasting and nonfasting, respectively | Participants were matched for age, sex, BMI, and posttransplant time. Participants were followed for 12 months after Ramadan. No significant changes in Cr or BP were observed and there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events |
| [85] | Prospective study from Riyadh, KSA, that included 35 fasting and 33 nonfasting kidney transplant recipients. Mean eGFR in the nonfasting group was lower than that of the fasting group; 63% presented with an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Comparable results were obtained with respect to sex (mainly M), age, DM status, time from transplant, and immunosuppressives. Values for eGFR did not differ significantly from baseline in the fasting group or between groups. No differences in MAP or UP were observed |
| [86] | Prospective study from Al-Ain, UAE, that included 22 kidney transplant recipients with a mean eGFR of 68.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 | No change in eGFR, BP, weight, or potassium levels |
| [87] | Prospective study from Tehran, Iran, that included 41 fasting (eGFR 73 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 41 nonfasting (eGFR 73 mL/min/1.73 m2) kidney transplant recipients matched for age, sex, BMI, donor source, immunosuppressive therapy, and transplant duration | No changes in eGFR or BP were observed. No acute complications developed. Sixteen patients with eGFR 28–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 exhibited no change in eGFR. Previous repeated fasting led to an increase in eGFR but no significant effect attributed to fasting |
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