Mucormycosis is a rare but devastating infection. We present a case of fatal disseminated mucormycosis infection in a renal transplant patient. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression are the major predisposing factors to infection with Mucorales. Mucorales are angioinvasive and can infect any organ system. Lungs are the predominant site of infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Prompt diagnosis is challenging and influences outcome. Treatment involves a combination of surgical and medical therapies. Amphotericin B remains the cornerstone in the medical management of mucormycosis, although other agents have been used. Newer agents are promising.

Tamim Hamdi

Vanji Karthikeyan

George J. Alangaden

Mucormycosis in a Renal Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Comprehensive Review of Literature

<i>Background</i>. We examine whether cystatin C, a surrogate marker of renal function, could identify patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with an increased risk of renal disease progression, death, or cardiovascular events. <i>Methods</i>. Data were obtained for 180 patients, with a diagnosis of chronic renal failure based on serum creatinine estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR<sub>creat</sub>) &#x3C;90&#x2009;mL/min/1.73&#x2009;m<sup>2</sup>. This population was grouped in tertiles according to cystatin C and creatinine values at baseline. Cardiovascular events and overall mortality were estimated for each tertile. Predictors of overall mortality and for the development of renal disease progression were analyzed. <i>Results</i>. The median age was 75 years (interquartile range 69&#x2013;82) and the median eGFR<sub>creat</sub> 38&#x2009;mL/min&#x2009;m<sup>2</sup> (interquartile range 33&#x2013;49). Overall mortality was lower on the first and on the second tertiles of cystatin C than on the third one (HR = 0.060; 95&#x25; CI: 0.008&#x2013;0.447 and HR = 0.094; 95&#x25; CI: 0.022&#x2013;0.406, resp.). Deaths related to the creatinine tertiles followed the same pattern, but differences were not as large. Cardiovascular mortality was lower on the second than on the third cystatin C tertile (HR = 0.198; 95&#x25; CI: 0.040&#x2013;0.987), but it did not show differences on the first and the second creatinine tertiles compared with the third one (HR = 0.126; 95&#x25; CI: 0.013&#x2013;1.265 and HR = 0.403; 95&#x25; CI: 0.093&#x2013;1.740). The only independent predictors of mortality during followup were baseline cystatin C (OR = 0.100; 95&#x25; CI: 0.021&#x2013;0.463) and baseline uric acid (OR = 1.377; 95&#x25; CI: 1.070&#x2013;1.773). <i>Conclusion</i>. Cystatin C may be an alternative to creatinine for detecting a high risk of death and cardiovascular events in a population with CKD.

Ana Vigil

Emilia Cond&#xe9;s

Luis Vigil

Paloma Gallar

Aniana Oliet

Olimpia Ortega

Isabel Rodriguez

Milagros Ortiz

Juan Carlos Herrero

Carmen Mon

Gabriela Cobo

Juana Jimenez

Cystatin C as a Predictor of Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in a Population with Chronic Kidney Disease

<i>Background</i>. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common but least studied complication of lymphoma. <i>Objective</i>. To determine the frequency and predictors of AKI in lymphoma and to study the impact of AKI on hospital stay and mortality. <i>Methods</i>. Retrospective review of medical records of hospitalized lymphoma patients aged &#x2265;14 years between January 2008 and December 2011 was done. <i>Results</i>. Out of 365 patients, AKI was present in 31.8&#x25; (116/365). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that independent predictors for AKI included sepsis (odds ratio (OR) 3.76; 95&#x25; CI 1.83&#x2013;7.72), aminoglycosides  (OR 4.75; 95&#x25; CI 1.15&#x2013;19.52), diuretics (OR 2.96; 95&#x25; CI 1.31&#x2013;6.69), tumor lysis syndrome (OR 3.85; 95&#x25; CI 1.54&#x2013;9.59), and R-CVP regimen (OR 4.70; 95&#x25; CI 1.20&#x2013;18.36). AKI stages 2 and 3 was associated with increased hospital stay (OR 2.01; 95&#x25; CI 1.19&#x2013;3.40). <i>Conclusion</i>. AKI was significantly associated with sepsis, aminoglycoside, diuretics, presence of tumor lysis syndrome, and use of R-CVP regimen. Presence of AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) stages 2 and 3 AKI had increased hospital stay. AKI was also associated with increased mortality.

Muhammad Abdul Mabood Khalil

Hira Latif

Abdur Rehman

Waqar Uddin Kashif

Safia Awan

Zarghona Khalil

Uziar Mushtaq

Maria Ahmad

Muhammad Ashhad Ullah Khalil

Manickam Ranga Sami

Jackson Tan

Acute Kidney Injury in Lymphoma: A Single Centre Experience

<i>Background</i>. Haemodialysis (HD) catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are a major complication of long-term catheter use in HD. This study identified the epidemiology of HD CRBSIs and to aid in the choice of empiric antibiotics therapy given to patients with HD CRBSIs. <i>Methods</i>. Patients with HD CRBSIs were identified. Their blood cultures were performed according to standard sterile technique. Specimens were sent to the microbiology lab for culture and sensitivity testing. Results were tabulated in antibiograms. <i>Results</i>. 18 patients with a median age of 61.0 years (IQR: 51.5&#x2013;73.25) were confirmed to have HD CRBSIs based on our study criteria. Eight (44.4&#x25;) patients had gram-negative infections, 7 (38.9&#x25;) patients gram-positive infections, and 3 (16.7&#x25;) patients had polymicrobial infections. We noted that most of the gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to ceftazidime. Unfortunately, cloxacillin resistance was high among gram-positive organisms. <i>Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> sp. were the most common gram-positive organisms and they were sensitive to vancomycin. <i>Conclusion</i>. Our study revealed the increased incidence of gram-negative organism in HD CRBSIs. Antibiogram is an important tool in deciding empirical antibiotics for HD CRBSIs. Tailoring your antibiotics accordingly to the antibiogram can increase the chance of successful treatment and prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance.

Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor

Pau Cheong Ping

Anis Farahanum Zainal Abidin

Muhammad Zulhilmie Saruddin

Ng Kah Yan

Siti Qania&#x2019;ah Adam

Ramliza Ramli

Anita Sulong

Petrick Periyasamy

Antibiogram for Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dose of postdialysis cholecalciferol needed to maintain the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in the optimal range of 75&#x2013;150&#x2009;nmol/L. Twenty-six patients who had low baseline 25(OH)D levels (mean <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:74.362503px;" id="M1" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.362503 11.2875" width="74.362503"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.862)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.19,10.862)"><path id="xB1" d="M535 290h-212v-206h-58v206h-213v50h213v193h58v-193h212v-50zM535 -22h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,10.862)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;nmol/L) were studied. The 25(OH)D levels were measured every 2 months for one year. During the first two months, all the patients received 2000&#x2009;IU of cholecalciferol after each hemodialysis (=6000&#x2009;IU/wk). Thereafter, the dose was individualized and adapted every 2 months by administering 1 to 6 cholecalciferol tablets (2000&#x2009;IU each) per week (total weekly dose = 2000&#x2013;12000&#x2009;IU/wk). During cholecalciferol supplementation, the 25(OH)D concentrations rapidly increased from baseline to <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:82.525002px;" id="M2" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 82.525002 11.2875" width="82.525002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.862)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,24.541,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.416,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.35,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.862)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,70.42,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,74.296,10.862)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;nmol/L at month 6 and <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:74.362503px;" id="M3" height="11.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.362503 11.4" width="74.362503"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.963)"><path id="x36" d="M137 343l67 33q37 17 63 17q79 0 129.5 -53t50.5 -131q0 -92 -58 -156.5t-147 -64.5t-147 68t-58 182q0 63 17 119t43 95.5t61.5 72t69 52t67.5 31.5q62 22 128 33l6 -32q-56 -11 -108 -35q-149 -71 -184 -231zM227 337q-47 0 -95 -27q-6 -23 -6 -70q0 -93 36 -155.5&#xA;t96 -62.5q53 0 78 45.5t25 105.5q0 68 -35 116t-99 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.19,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;nmol/L at month 12. At month twelve, 86&#x25; of the patients had 25(OH)D levels within the target range with a mean dose of <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:82.9375px;" id="M4" height="11.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 82.9375 11.4" width="82.9375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,24.541,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.474,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.226,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.385,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.545,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,74.704,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x36"/></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;IU/wk of cholecalciferol; however, the amount needed to maintain these levels varied widely from 0 (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:36.237499px;" id="M5" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 36.237499 11.125" width="36.237499"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x1D45B" d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2&#xA;q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9.5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) to 12000&#x2009;IU/wk (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:36.237499px;" id="M6" height="10.925" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 36.237499 10.925" width="36.237499"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.65)"><use xlink:href="#x1D45B"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.65)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). In conclusion, postdialysis cholecalciferol prescription is quite effective in correcting vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, but the amount of cholecalciferol needed to maintain the 25(OH)D levels within the optimal range over the long-term varies widely among patients and must be individualized.

Eric Descombes

Benoit Fellay

Ould Maouloud Hemett

Jean-Luc Magnin

Gilbert Fellay

Oral Postdialysis Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Dose-Response Approach

<i  >Aim</i>. The aim of this study was to compare urinary alpha 1 microglobulin (A1MG) in healthy individuals with and without family burden for Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in an endemic village.  <i  >Methods</i>. Otherwise healthy inhabitants with microalbuminuria or proteinuria were divided into two groups: with (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:44.400002px;" id="M1" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 44.400002 11.125" width="44.400002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x1D45B" d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2&#xA;q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9.5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.168,10.862)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) and without (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:44.400002px;" id="M2" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 44.400002 11.125" width="44.400002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x1D45B"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.168,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) family BEN burden and screened for urinary A1MG and A1MG/urine creatinine ratio. <i  >Results</i>. Average value of urinary A1MG was <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:82.525002px;" id="M3" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 82.525002 11.2875" width="82.525002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.862)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.416,10.862)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.35,10.862)"><path id="xB1" d="M535 290h-212v-206h-58v206h-213v50h213v193h58v-193h212v-50zM535 -22h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,74.296,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;mg/L in group with and <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:82.525002px;" id="M4" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 82.525002 11.2875" width="82.525002"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.416,10.862)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.35,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,74.296,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;mg/L in group without family history for BEN (NS, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M5" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). A1MG was higher than 10&#x2009;mg/L in eight (33.33&#x25;) inhabitants with family history and in 12 (37.5&#x25;) without (NS, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M6" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). Average values of urinary A1MG/creatinine ratio were <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:74.362503px;" id="M7" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.362503 11.2875" width="74.362503"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.098,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.19,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,57.977,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>

		
	
</svg> and <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:74.362503px;" id="M8" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.362503 11.2875" width="74.362503"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.098,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.19,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,57.977,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g>

		
	
</svg> in group with and group without family BEN history (NS, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M9" height="11.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.425" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>

		
	
</svg>, resp.). Elevated values of this ratio were found in 13 (54.17&#x25;) inhabitants with and 14 (43.75&#x25;) without family history for BEN (NS, <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M10" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). <i  >Conclusion</i>. We did not find statistically significant difference in the examined markers between healthy individuals with and without family burden for BEN. We concluded that these markers are not predictive of risk for BEN.

Mirna Aleckovic-Halilovic

Enisa Mesic

Senaid Trnacevic

Emir Hodzic

Vildana Habul

Mirza Atic

Maida Dugonjic

Evlijana Hasanovic

Values of Alpha 1 Microglobulin Does Not Differ between Individuals with and without Family History of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy

<i>Objective</i>. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a kidney replacement therapy that has been recently incorporated in developing countries. We aim to establish our reference values, to compare them with the original and the Mexican population, and to associate some variables with the type of peritoneal transport. <i>Methods</i>. Thirty peritoneal equilibration tests (PET) were performed. The ratio for D/P creatinine and the D/D<sub>0</sub> ratio for glucose were calculated and compared to reference values. We conducted a retrospective analysis to correlate peritoneal transporters with some predictive variables. <i>Results</i>. D/P creatinine ratio at 2 hours, D/D<sub>0</sub> glucose ratio at 4 hours, and net ultrafiltrate volume (nUFV) were significantly different from those reported by Twardowski et al. The results documented in the Mexican population only coincide with our results for the D/P creatinine ratio at 4 hours. Any of the studied variables were associated with a specific type of peritoneal transport. <i>Conclusions</i>. Peritoneal permeability among Costa Rican CAPD patients is different from the original population described by Twardowski et al. and from other Latin-American population. This supports the theory that ethnical differences could be responsible for such variations and they validate our statement that each region should possess value references of their own.

Marta Avellan-Boza

Fabio Hern&#xe1;ndez

Allan Ramos-Esquivel

Peritoneal Equilibration Test in Costa Rica: Discrepancies from Other Populations

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<p><em>International Journal of Nephrology</em> publishes original research articles and&nbsp;review articles on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of kidney diseases and associated disorders.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Mattoo, is a renowned Pediatric Nephrologist from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, a Professor of Pediatrics (Nephrology), Urology &amp; Vice Chair of the Department of Pediatrics. He has received research grants &amp; published 200 works including book chapters</p>


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International Journal of Nephrology - Table of contents 2014

International Journal of Nephrology | Hindawi

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International Journal of Nephrology publishes original research articles and review articles on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of kidney diseases and associated disorders.

International Journal of Nephrology