International Journal of Otolaryngology

Review Article

The Cost of Cochlear Implantation: A Review of Methodological Considerations

Table 1

Cost studies of cochlear implantation.
StudyCountryType of healthcare systemYear of valuationStudyPerspectiveDesign of cost analysisPatientsType of implantationDiscounted rateFollowup (year)Mean direct medical costs (€)AssessmentImplantationImplant deviceFollowupEducational costs (€)Indirect costs
Barton et al. [2]United KingdomNHS1998-1999Cost studyHealth care payerRetrospective multicentreChildrenUnilateral6%7349, 8593.74327.86323.28118.253NoNo
Barton et al. [3]United KingdomNHS2001-2002Cost studyNot specifiedRetrospectiveChildrenNot3%12NoNoNoNoNoYesNo
Barton et al. [4]United KingdomNHS2001-2002Cost studyFamiliesRetrospectiveChildren3%1NoNoNoNoNoNoYes
Barton et al. [5]United KingdomNHS2001-2002Cost utilitySocietalRetrospectiveChildren3%From implantation to deathNANANANANAYesYes
Bichey et al. [15]United StatesPrivate insuranceNACost utilityService providersRetrospectiveChildren/Adults5%NANA82123.28415.408NANoNo
Bond et al. [6]United KingdomNHS2006Cost effectivenessHealth care payerDecision modelChildrenUnilateral3.50%From implantation to death39.0753.18920.31116.40510.257YesNo
Bond et al. [6]United KingdomNHS2006Cost effectivenessHealth care payerDecision modelChildrenBilateral4%From implantation to death52.0723.18938.62632.75410.257YesNo
Bond et al. [6]United KingdomNHS2006Cost effectivenessHealth care payerDecision modelAdultsUnilateral3.50%From implantation to death31.1694.49619.56416.4055.604NoNo
Bond et al. [6]United KingdomNHS2006Cost effectivenessHealth care payerDecision modelAdultsBilateral4%From implantation to death47.5864.49637.48632.7545.604NoNo
Carter and Hailey [23]AustraliaPublic health insurance1994Cost utilityHealth care payerDecision modelChildren5%2029.52863914.48812.6079.860NoNo
Carter and Hailey [23]AustraliaPublic health insurance1994Cost utilityHealth care payerDecision modelAdults5%2022.22863914.48812.6074.863NoNo
Cheng et al. [16]United StatesPrivate insurance1998–2000Cost utilitySocietalRetrospective single centerChildren3% et 5%73NA1.95916.75113.109Not specifiedYesYes
Francis et al. [17]United StatesPrivate insurance1998–1999Cost studyNARetrospectiveChildren5%12 and 15NANANANANAYesNo
Hutton et al. [7]United KingdomNHSNACost effectivenessNot specifiedDecision modelChildren6%7018.7881.13921.684Not specified1.010YesNo
Koch et al. [19]United StatesPrivate insurance1995-1996Cost studyNot specifiedNAChildrenNot defined1NANANANANAYesNo
Lee et al. [28]South KoreaPrivate insuranceNACost utilityService providersRetrospective single centreAdults3%NANA44513.82912.075NANoNo
Molinier et al. [24]FrancePublic social insurance2006Cost studyHealth care payerProspective multicentreChildrenNA132.05581424.49822.3386.743NoNo
Molinier et al. [24]FrancePublic social insurance2006Cost studyHealth care payerProspective multicentreAdultsNA129.69965325.01121.9874.035NoNo
O'Neill et al. [8]United KingdomNHS1997-1998Cost utilityHealth care payerNAChildren6%7130.83NANANANAYesNo
Palmer et al. [20]United StatesPrivate insurance1994–1996Cost utilityHealth care payerProspective multicentreAdults5%2225.96183123.97815.589788NoNo
Sach et al. [9]United KingdomNHS2002Cost studyFamilyRetrospective single centreChildrenNA1NoNoNoNoNoNoYes
Schulze- Gattermann et al. [26]GermanyPublic health insurance1999Cost benefitHealth care payerRetrospectiveChildren6%From implantation to end of the schoolNANANANANAYesNo
Severens et al. [25]The NetherlandsPublic and private insurance1993–1996Cost studySocietalProspective single centreChildren5%532.3582.21120.82617.59.319NoNo
Summerfield et al. [10]United KingdomNHS1993–1996Cost utilityService providersProspective multicentreChildren6%1227.2281.67819.22614.7306.348NoNo
Summerfield et al. [10]United KingdomNHS1992-1993Cost utilityService providersProspective multicentreAdults6%1224.3311.12619.4514.733.773NoNo
Summerfield et al. [12]United KingdomNHS1997–2000Cost utilityHealth care payerRetrospective multicentreAdultsUnilateral6%3026.9543.23619.84515.6913.872NoNo
Summerfield et al. [12]United KingdomNHS1997–2000Cost utilityHealth care payerRetrospective multicentreAdultsBilateral simultaneous6%3043.8653.23636.36931.3834.26NoNo
Summerfield et al. [12]United KingdomNHS1997–2000Cost utilityHealth care payerRetrospective multicentreAdultsBilateral additional6%3047.0233.62039.11631.3834.287NoNo
Summerfield et al. [13]United KingdomNHS2007Cost utilityHealth care payerDecison modelChildrenUnilateral4%From implantation to death33.8393.19220.37416.46510.272NoNo
Summerfield et al. [13]United KingdomNHS2007Cost utilityHealth care payerDecision modelChildrenBilateral3.50%From implantation to death52.2603.19238.79432.93110.272NoNo
UK CISG et al. [14]United KingdomNHS1999Cost utilityHealth care payerRetrospective multicentreAdultsUnilateral6%2137.63240632.34628.6374.88NoNo
Vantrappen et al. [27]BelgiumPublic social insurance1994–1996Cost studyService providersRetrospective single centreAdultsNA129.41888925.28415.9763.245NoNo
Wong et al. [29]ChinaPublic socialNACost utilityService providersNAChildrenNA66NANANANANANoNo
Wong et al. [29]ChinaPublic socialNACost utilityService providersNAAdultsNA34NANANANANANoNo
Wyatt et al. [21]United StatesPrivate insurance1990–1993Cost utilityNot specifiedDecision modelAdults5%3324.0231.25121.93813.772841NoNo
Wyatt et al. [22]United StatesPrivate insurance1993-1994Cost utilityNot specifiedDecision modelAdults5%2324.9721.32822.81014.031841NoNo
All costs are in € (US$1 0,69 €, £1 1,126 €; May 31, 2011).
NA: Not Availaible, NHS: National Health Service.
No: No assessed.