Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Vowels in Cleft Palate Children with or without Hypernasality

Table 2

Lyapunov exponents (mLE₁).

	𝑛	/a/	/i/	/u/	/e/	/o/
Hypernasality (+)	6	2334.8±796.7	787.2±137.5	900.3±243.2	1170.5±236.0	1370.5±280.9
Hypernasality (−)	6	1504.3±557.2	703.3±241.4	796.0±322.5	1102.2±279.8	839.3±286.4
P value		0.093	0.310	0.589	0.699	0.015

mLE₁; mean of the first Lyapunov exponents.