Subclinical Hearing Loss, Longer Sleep Duration, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Japanese General Population
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of subjects according to the five sleep duration categories.
Five categories by sleep duration
Total
≤5 h
6 h
7 h
8 h
≥9 h
, (% of total)
48,091
5,049 (10.5)
22,386 (46.5)
15,106 (31.4)
5,176 (10.8)
374 (0.8)
Age, years
42.3 (12.1)
39.7 (11.2)
41.0 (11.7)
43.4 (12.3)
46.3 (12.8)
49.1 (15.5)
Men, (%)
33,026 (68.7)
3,208 (63.5)
14,793 (66.1)
10,767 (71.3)
3,965 (76.6)
293 (78.3)
BMI, kg/m2
23.5 (3.6)
23.7 (3.9)
23.5 (3.7)
23.4 (3.4)
23.5 (3.5)
23.6 (3.5)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
123 (17.3)
121 (16.7)
122 (16.9)
124 (17.5)
127 (18.4)
128 (18.5)
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
75 (13.3)
74 (13.5)
74 (13.1)
75 (13.5)
77 (13.3)
77 (13.7)
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
199 (35.5)
198 (35.7)
199 (35.5)
199 (35.2)
201 (35.7)
198 (38.8)
Triglyceride, mg/dL
96 (64–153)
88 (59–146)
93 (62–148)
100 (67–157)
107 (70–170)
103 (73–169)
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
61.4 (15.5)
61.9 (15.6)
61.5 (15.6)
61.2 (15.4)
61.1 (15.9)
59.0 (15.1)
HbA1c, %, NGSP
5.5 (0.7)
5.5 (0.8)
5.5 (0.7)
5.5 (0.7)
5.6 (0.8)
5.7 (1.1)
White blood cell, ×102/μL
65.2 (17.6)
66.5 (18.5)
64.8 (17.4)
65.0 (17.6)
66.3 (18.1)
67.3 (19.4)
Past history of CVD, (%)
711 (1.5)
72 (1.4)
301 (1.3)
229 (1.5)
100 (1.9)
9 (2.4)
Complication
Hypertension, (%)
3,697 (7.7)
264 (5.2)
1,436 (6.4)
1,325 (8.8)
623 (12.0)
49 (13.1)
Dyslipidemia, (%)
2,187 (4.5)
164 (3.2)
969 (4.3)
756 (5.0)
280 (5.4)
18 (4.8)
Diabetes, (%)
1,402 (2.9)
106 (2.1)
580 (2.6)
477 (3.2)
217 (4.2)
22 (5.9)
Subjects with high HbA1c (6.5%), (%)
2,521 (5.2)
217 (4.3)
1,019 (4.6)
851 (5.6)
397 (7.7)
37 (9.9)
Alcohol consumption
1~3/w/4~6/w/daily (%)
16.7/11.6/16.9
17.9/8.1/12.6
17.7/10.9/13.7
15.9/13.1/19.7
14.3/13.9/26.4
11.0/8.8/30.2
Smoker
Past/current (%)
11.2/38.1
6.8/40.5
10.4/36.9
12.9/37.6
13.8/41.7
10.7/44.7
Having regular exercise
No/occasional~1/w/≥2/w (%)*
51.0/31.8/17.2
57.4/28.4/14.3
51.4/32.2/16.4
48.4/33.2/18.4
49.9/30.2/20.0
57.0/24.9/18.2
Self-reported tinnitus, (%)
1,396 (2.9)
121 (2.4)
635 (2.8)
457 (3.0)
170 (3.3)
13 (3.5)
Hearing loss at 4,000 Hz in the left ear, (%)
3,068 (6.4)
188 (3.7)
1,013 (4.5)
1,100 (7.3)
675 (13.0)
92 (24.6)
Hearing loss at 4,000 Hz in the right ear, (%)
2,883 (6.0)
158 (3.1)
952 (4.3)
1,012 (6.7)
656 (12.7)
105 (28.1)
Hearing loss at 1,000 Hz in the left ear, (%)
1,097 (2.3)
90 (1.8)
404 (1.8)
367 (2.4)
192 (3.7)
44 (11.8)
Hearing loss at 1,000 Hz in the right ear, (%)
1,070 (2.2)
81 (1.6)
390 (1.7)
338 (2.2)
225 (4.3)
36 (9.6)
Work duration, hour
8.6 (1.4)
9.2 (1.6)
8.7 (1.4)
8.4 (1.3)
8.3 (1.3)
8.1 (1.5)
Occupation, (%)*
Clerical workers
21.2
17.5
22.4
22.5
17.0
7.2
Production workers
8.3
6.7
7.4
9.4
9.9
12.8
Service workers
10.6
11.7
10.8
9.8
10.2
15.8
Managerial workers
6.8
5.9
6.5
7.7
6.9
2.9
Technical workers
5.2
6.6
5.4
4.8
4.2
2.7
Construction workers
6.6
5.7
5.4
6.6
12.2
20.3
Medical workers
4.4
4.9
4.6
4.2
3.9
2.9
Transport workers
3.1
6.8
2.7
2.2
3.4
6.2
Workers not classifiable or nonemployed
33.8
34.1
34.8
32.9
32.4
29.1
Organic solvent workers, (%) (total available )
1,053 (2.7)
109 (2.6)
427 (2.3)
371 (3.0)
134 (3.2)
12 (4.0)
The data are expressed as means (SD). Triglyceride is expressed as medians (interquartiles).
*Total sum is not 100% in some cases because of round-off to two decimal places. Differences in parameters and categorical values between five sleep duration categories were significant (analysis of variance/ test; past history of CVD, and medical workers, both and all others, ), except self-reported tinnitus (). BMI: body mass index, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, NGSP: national glycohemoglobin standardization program, CVD: cardiovascular disease (including stroke).
