Melatonin Exerts Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuromodulatory Effects That Could Potentially Be Useful in the Treatment of Vertigo

Figure 1

Potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of melatonin in vestibular disorders. Blue arrows indicate stimulation or activation of some enzymes, signaling pathways, inflammation markers, and genes, while the red arrows indicate the inhibitory effects of melatonin on these pathways, thus inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. Note how melatonin activates SOD.