Review Article

Doping of TiO2 Polymorphs for Altered Optical and Photocatalytic Properties

Table 4

Comparison of experimental and computed absorption onsets with notes about photocatalytic activity. Since direct comparison of improvements in catalytic efficiency between catalysts is difficult unless the same test reactions are used, quantitative notes about photocatalytic activity are relative to other measurements reported in the same reference. Values used in fitting (6) are shown in boldface. Values in parenthesis are prior to empirical scaling.

CompositionActivity notes 𝐸 g (eV)Ref.

rutile

Ishihara Sangyo PT-101No photodecomposition of 2-propanol or methylene blue above 450 nm3.03[140]
1.6 wt% S substitutes for Ti, calcined 700 C2.94[140]
1.6 wt% S substitutes for Ti, calcined 600 C2.31[140]
1.6 wt% S substitutes for Ti, calcined 500 CPhotodecomposition of 2-propanol and methylene blue above 450 nm2.20[140]
FLAPW undoped2.34[140]
FLAPW S-doped0.975[140]
Undoped1.9[101]
Si substituting for Ti1.625[101]
S-doped rutile TiO2Photoreduction of water above 390 nm with sacrificial electron donor.2.34[120]
N-doped rutile TiO2Photoreduction of water above 390 nm with sacrificial electron donor2.94[120]
C-doped rutile TiO2, 1st onset2.32[7]
C-doped rutile TiO2, 2nd onset2.82[7]
(1.83)
Undoped3.05a
B substituting for O1.42a
(1.27)
C substituting for O, 1st onset2.36a
(1.57)
C substituting for O, 2nd onset2.73a
N substituting for O2.5a
B interstitial, N substituting for O2.62a
Ga substituting for O0.5–0.9a

Anatase

UndopedNo photodecomposition of acetaldehyde above 400 nm3.21[141]
0.05Co/TiO2Photodecomposition of acetaldehyde above 400 nm3.06[141]
0.27Co/TiO23.06[141]
1.8Co/TiO2 (weak onset ca 775–800 nm)3.06[141]
2 wt% Pt substituting for Ti2.74[142]
1 wt% Pt substituting for Ti2.77[142]
0.5 wt% Pt substituting for Ti2.77[142]
0.2 wt% Pt substituting for TiPhotodegradation of dichloroacetate under visible light2.86[142]
0 wt% Pt substituting for TiNo photodegradation of dichloroacetate under visible light2.91[142]
0% SbNo photodegradation of methylene blue2.84[127]
1% Sb97.6% photodegradation of methylene blue2.08[127]
5% Sb98.8% photodegradation of methylene blue1.91[127]
1% Sb by organic solvent preparation1.97[127]
TiO25% photodegradation of methylene blue after 3 hours3.17[125]
N-doped and calcined at 400 C38% photodegradation of methylene blue after 3 hours2.26[125]
N-doped and calcined at 500 C35% photodegradation of methylene blue after 3 hours2.26[125]
N-doped and calcined at 600 C (some rutile)32% photodegradation of methylene blue after 3 hours2.31[125]
N-doped and calcined at 700 C (predominantly rutile)26% photodegradation of methylene blue after 3 hours2.91[125]
Prepared from Ti/thiourea mole ratio 1 : 03.20[143]
Prepared from Ti/thiourea mole ratio 1 : 3Degradation of toulene under vis light relative to Degussa P25 [144] : 122.67[143]
Prepared from Ti/thiourea mole ratio 1 : 2Degradation of toulene under vis light relative to Degussa P25 : 152.88[143]
Prepared from Ti/thiourea mole ratio 1 : 1Degradation of toulene under vis light relative to Degussa P25 : 103[143]
Prepared from Ti/thiourea mole ratio 1 : 0Degradation of toulene under vis light relative to Degussa P25 : 13.19[143]
TiO23.2[145]
TiO2 + 45 0 C treatment (anatase and rutile)3.33[145]
TiO2/Cr (amorphous)2.2[145]
TiO2/Cr + 45 0 C treatment (anatase and “a little rutile”)2.54[145]
TiO2 (anatase with a little brookite)Photocatalytic rate constant 0.0033.22[122]
N-doped (anatase with a little brookite)Photocatalytic rate constant 0.0192.90[122]
N + Eu-doped (anatase with a little brookite)Photocatalytic rate constant 0.0252.85[122]
Hint of second onset in N + Eu-doped (anatase with a little brookite)Photocatalytic rate constant 0.0252.05[122]
Undoped80% pesticide remaining after 2.5 hours irradiation3.12[146]
0.04% Mo substituting for Ti35% pesticide remaining after 2.5 hours irradiation2.81[146]
0.06% Mo substituting for Ti25% pesticide remaining after 2.5 hours irradiation2.58[146]
0.1% Mo substituting for Ti35% pesticide remaining after 2.5 hours irradiation2.75[146]
Undoped5% photodegradation of methylene blue after 2 hours3.45[121]
5 at% N98% photodegradation of methylene blue after 2 hours2.75[121]
UndopedNegligible decomposition of 4-chlorophenol under irradiation2.95[123]
N-doped2.9[123]
I-dopedDecomposition of 4-chlorophenol under irradiation1.4–2.2[123]
Undoped3.2[124]
1.6 at% N2.25[124]
1.6 at% N second onset possibly from O vacancies. 1.6[124]
UndopedNegligible of photooxidation of acetone under irradiation3.00[147]
I-dopedPhotooxidation of acetone under irradiation2.36[147]
UndopedPhotodegradation of malachite green rate 0.0053.17[148]
Sn-dopedPhotodegradation of malachite green rate 0.01752.55[148]
S-doped anatase TiO2Photoreduction of water above 390 nm with sacrificial electron donor2.28[120]
N-doped anatase TiO2Photoreduction of water above 390 nm with sacrificial electron donor2.58[120]
Degussa P25Relative degradation rate of acetaldehyde 0.2133.16[128]
Degussa P25 hint of second onset, presumably from rutile componentRelative degradation rate of acetaldehyde 0.2132.94[128]
Undoped3.01[128]
C-dopedrelative degradation rate of acetaldehyde 1.742.18[128]
Ti N x O y F z calc.1.8[99]
Ti N x O y F z expt.2.32[99]
TiO2 calc..2.14[99]
TiO2 expt.3.26[99]
undoped1.95[102]
N substitutional1.83[102]
NH substitutional1.83[102]
N interstitial2.09[102]
NH interstitial1.88[102]
N-doped by laser deposition in Nitrogen atmosphereDegradation of methyl orange and methylene blue1.0[96]
N-doped by laser deposition in Nitrogen atmosphereDegradation of methyl orange and methylene blue2.5[149]

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