Metal Nanoparticles and Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Advanced Materials for Cathode Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the DSSC, based on a dye ruthenium-based (N3), to indicate the electron energy level and electron flux in different processes. The cell voltage (${\text{V}}_{\text{oc}}$) observed under illumination corresponds to the difference $∆$V between the quasi-Fermi level of titanium and the electrochemical potential of the electrolyte.