Photoelectrochemical Performance of Smooth TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays: Effect of Anodization Temperature and Cleaning Methods

Figure 1

FESEM images of TiO₂ nanotube arrays fabricated at (a) 10°C, (b) 20°C, (c) room temperature, (d) 40°C, (e) 60°C, and (f) 80°C in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing 5 wt% H₂O₂ and 5 wt% NH₄F anodized at 60 V for 1 h. Insets are the cross-section morphologies of the TiO₂ nanotube arrays.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)