Research Article
Solar Energy Prediction for Malaysia Using Artificial Neural Networks
Table 1
Malaysia climate profile.
| City | Climate | Max./min. temperature, rainfall, and sunshine duration | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Kuala Lumpur | Max. | 32°C | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | Min. | 22°C | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 159 mm | 154 | 223 | 276 | 182 | 120 | 120 | 133 | 173 | 258 | 263 | 223 | Sun | 6 hr | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Malacca | Max. | 32°C | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | Min. | 22°C | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 90 mm | 104 | 147 | 184 | 166 | 172 | 181 | 178 | 206 | 216 | 237 | 142 | Sun | 7 hr | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Penang | Max. | 32°C | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | Min. | 23°C | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 70 mm | 93 | 141 | 214 | 240 | 170 | 208 | 235 | 341 | 380 | 246 | 107 | Sun | 8 hr | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Kota Bahru | Max. | 29°C | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 29 | 29 | Min. | 22°C | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 163 mm | 60 | 99 | 81 | 114 | 132 | 157 | 168 | 195 | 286 | 651 | 603 | Sun | 7 hr | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Kuala Terengganu | Max. | 28°C | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 26 | Min. | 22°C | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 174 mm | 99 | 109 | 101 | 103 | 108 | 110 | 141 | 184 | 266 | 643 | 559 | Sun | 7 hr | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Kuantan | Max. | 29°C | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 29 | Min. | 21°C | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | Rain | 311 mm | 165 | 166 | 169 | 192 | 164 | 162 | 179 | 233 | 273 | 318 | 591 | Sun | 5 hr | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Johor Bahru | Max. | 31°C | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | Min. | 21°C | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | Rain | 146 mm | 155 | 182 | 223 | 228 | 151 | 170 | 163 | 200 | 199 | 255 | 258 | Sun | 6 hr | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
| Cameron Highlands | Max. | 21°C | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | Min. | 14°C | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | Rain | 120 mm | 111 | 198 | 277 | 273 | 137 | 165 | 172 | 241 | 334 | 305 | 202 | Sun | 5 hr | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Kota Kinabalu | Max. | 30°C | 30 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | Min. | 23°C | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 133 mm | 63 | 71 | 124 | 218 | 311 | 277 | 256 | 314 | 334 | 296 | 241 | Sun | 6 hr | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Kuching | Max. | 30°C | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | Min. | 23°C | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | Rain | 683 mm | 522 | 339 | 286 | 253 | 199 | 199 | 211 | 271 | 326 | 343 | 465 | Sun | 4 hr | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
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