New Formulation for the Estimation of Monthly Average Daily Solar Irradiation for the Tropics: A Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia

Table 1

Monthly average daily solar irradiation using MD model (MJ·m⁻²·day⁻¹).

City	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
KLIA	17.13	17.82	18	18.43	17.95	18.06	18.14	18.37	18.12	17.71	15.15	15.83
Muadzam Shah	16.48	17.98	17.05	18.35	17.79	17.59	17.69	18.26	17.88	17.59	16.55	15.77
Ipoh	16.39	17.62	17.01	17.58	17.59	17.95	17.76	16.73	18.14	16.72	15.3	15.96
Malacca	14.29	15.93	16.8	18.06	16.38	17.53	16.54	15.83	16.54	16.82	13.73	14.13
Bayan Lepas	16.91	17.27	16.73	16.8	15.5	17.72	17.81	14.41	15.45	15.06	14.35	15.32
Kuantan	13.9	17.9	17.04	17.55	15.92	16.19	17.71	18	17.07	14.36	12.75	13.45
Senai	17.16	17.17	17.6	18.03	16.61	17.2	15.11	16.06	15.02	16.07	12.36	14.48
Alor Setar	15.98	17.83	16.17	14.15	17.42	17.77	15.99	13.93	15.7	16.09	11.91	15.54
Chuping	19.28	18.34	16.69	17.09	16.63	18.3	16	15.24	16.23	15.53	13.97	18.25
Kota Bharu	12.8	17.52	15.64	15.75	15.82	16.38	14.11	16.8	15.16	13.64	12.5	14.08
Kuala Terengganu	11.16	17.26	14.89	14.66	12.04	14.07	11.89	14.15	12.5	12.35	10.53	11.24
Max	19.28	18.34	18	18.43	17.95	18.3	18.14	18.37	18.14	17.71	16.55	18.25
Min	11.16	14.8	14.89	14.15	12.04	14.07	11.89	13.93	12.5	12.35	10.53	11.24
Ave	15.13	17.18	16.71	16.85	16.28	16.99	16.10	16.11	16.26	15.45	13.67	14.71