Field Measurement of PV Array Temperature for Tracking and Concentrating 1 k W_p Generators Installed in Malaysia

Table 2

Relationship between temperature effects towards 3 types of PV generator systems.

	Temperature effect	Comments
Fixed Flat PV generator	ΔT = 2.19°C; Surface temperature () is lower by the AE value of 5.63% compared to the bottom temperature ()	Most researchers adapt the bottom-side values as the cell/module temperature for crystalline PV due to the higher temperature value
Tracking Flat PV generator	ΔT = 2.22°C; Surface temperature () is lower by the AE value of 5.4% compared to the bottom temperature ()	The same concept as above. The tracking mechanism which receives peak radiation level most of the time results in higher bottom temperature values compared to FF generator
CPV generator	ΔT = 2.72°C; Surface temperature () is higher by the AE value of 5.8% compared to the bottom-side temperature ()	The uniqueness of adapting two elements of tracking mechanism and mirror concentrator creates much higher value on the surface side of the PV module which contradicts the normal concept of