Fabrication, Modification, and Emerging Applications of TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays by Electrochemical Synthesis: A Review

Table 2

Summary of TNAs based materials in water splitting.

Photoanode	Light intensity (mW/cm^2)	Electrolyte	Photocurrent (mA/cm^2)	Water splitting (μmol/h/cm^2)	Reference
C-TNAs	N/A; 500 W Xe lamp	0.1 M Na2S + 0.02 M Na2SO3	N/A	1.6 (0.040 mL/h/cm^2)	[126]
TNAs	70; 300 W Xe lamp	1 M KOH	[email protected] V versus NHE	7.1 (0.178 mL/h/cm^2)	[127]
C-TNAs (C-containing TiO2 based nanotube arrays)	12.7, 300 W Xe Lamp	1 M KOH	1.96@0 V versus Ag/AgCl	11.28 (0.282 mL/h/cm^2)	[128]
TNAs with etching pretreatment	87, 300 W; AM 1.5	1 M KOH	[email protected] V RHE	34.8 (0.87 mL/h/cm^2)	[129]
Ru/[email protected] at% Ru	100	1 M KOH	[email protected] V versus Ag/AgCl	45 (1.08 mL/h/cm^2)	[130]
TNAs (224 nm length, 34 nm wall thickness)	100	1 M KOH	13.0@0 V versus Ag/AgCl	96 (2.30 mL/h/cm^2)	[124]
TNAs	110	1 M KOH + 0.5 M H2SO4	4.95	97 (2.32 mL/h/cm^2)	[131]
TNAs	74	1 M KOH	N/A	140 (3.28 mL/h/cm^2)	[132]
Leaf-like TiO2/TNAs	320	2 M Na2CO3 + 0.5 M EG	[email protected] V versus SCE	150	[125]
Pyrococcus furiosus/TNAs	74	1 M KOH	N/A	234.88	[133]
TNAs	74	1 M KOH	[email protected] V versus Ag/AgCl	250	[134]
TNAs (three-step anodization)	320	2 M Na2CO3 + 0.5 M EG	24@−0.3 V versus SCE	420	[135]
Pt@TNAs	320	2 M Na2CO3 + 0.5 M EG	24.2@−0.3 V versus SCE	495	[80]
Pd@TNAs	320	2 M Na2CO3 + 0.5 M EG	[email protected] V versus SCE	592	[79]