Characterization of Air-Based Photovoltaic Thermal Panels with Bifacial Solar Cells

Table 1

Comparison of energy and exergy efficiencies.

Panel type	Energy efficiency	Exergy efficiency
Unglazed PVT-air [36]	45%	10.75
Single glazed PVT-air [37]	55%	13.5%
Single glazed PVT-air [38]	55%–66%	12%–15%
Double glazed T-air [39]	—	7.4%
PVT-air [40]	33%–45%	11.3%–16%
PVT-water [41]	—	3%–15%

PVT: photovoltaic thermal; T: thermal.