Research and Development Aspects on Chemical Preparation Techniques of Photoanodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Table 6

Some research work on DSSC that used template method.

Materials	Method	Efficiency ()%	Reference
High-crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles as a thin-film	Mixed template of copolymer and surfactant	8.24	[102]
Mesoporous titania nanocrystals	Sol-gel synthesis using surfactant as template	4.08	[201]
Organized mesoporous TiO2 films	Supramoleculartemplating with an amphiphilictriblock copolymer	—	[111]
Multilayered mesoporous TiO2 films	Supramolecular templating and layer-by-layer deposition	5.12	[202]
Nanocrystalline mesoporoustitania	Surfactant-assisted templating method and doctor-blading technique	8.06	[203]
Ordered nanoporous TiO2	Different silica templates and the squeeze printing technique	3.6	[204]
Hollow spherical TiO2	Colloidal carbon spheres as templates	5.64	[205]
Mesoporous anatase-TiO2	Sol-gel using soft template and a hard template	6.71	[206]
Anatase TiO2 hollow spheres	Chemical template method	3.79	[207]
Ordered porous TiO2 thin films	Colloid crystal template	1.269	[208]
Mesoporous TiO2	Sol-gel using water miscible ionic liquid template	—	[209]
Porous TiO2 films	Templated sol-gel method	—	[210]
Mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 films	Hydrolysis-limited sol–gel process using block copolymer as template	0.31	[211]
Center hollow ZnO and TiO2 nanotubes arrays	Electrodeposition, chemical etching, and sol-gel process assisted by templates	1.2	[212]
Ferrocene-derivatized ordered mesoporous carbon	Hard template method	7.89	[213]
Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC)	Evaporation-induced triconstituent coassembly method using soft-template method employing triblock copolymer	7.46	[214]
MWCNT/mesoporous carbon nanofibers composites	Electrospinning, template etching, and thermal process	6.35	[215]
Nanoporous NiO films	NiCl2 in water/ethanol mixed solution, using triblock copolymers as template	—	[216]
Hollow silver microspheres	Chemical deposition using sacrificial templating method	—	[217]