Heterovalent Cation Substitutional and Interstitial Doping in Semiconductor Sensitizers for Quantum Dot Cosensitized Solar Cell

Table 2

Valence state parameters of elements in PbS, Bi-doped-PbS, and Ag-doped-PbS QDs.

Element	Binding energy	Valence state	Valence
S	160.67	2p	−2
Pb	138.32	4f 7	+2
Bi	157.86	4f 7	+3
Ag	367.5	3d 5	+1, +2