Phototreatment of Water by Organic Photosensitizers and Comparison with Inorganic Semiconductors

Table 2

Different microorganisms inactivated by organic photosensitizers and their efficiencies.

Type of microorganism	Photosensitizer	Light dose/irradiance	Efficiency
Coliforms	MB (4 mg L^−1), RB (10 mg L^−1) [40]	Hanovia UV lamp 450 W and sunlight at 1980 µE m^−2	Complete destruction
	Tetra-Py^+-Me (5 μM), TriP-COOH (5 μM), Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5 μM) [41]	White lamps of 18 W, 90 Wm^−2	83.5%, 99%, and 99.8% reduction, respectively
Gram-negative bacteria
E. coli	MB (5 mg L^−1) [42]	Sunlight, 2,030 µE m^−2	9-log reduction
	MB, RB, eosin on PS beads [43]	Electrofluorescent cold white TLE 22 W	97.55%, 92.2%, and 81.6%, respectively
	MB (10 mg L^−1), RB (10 mg L^−1) [44]	Sunlight, 650–900 Wm^−2	>99% reduction
	Tetra-Py^+-Me, TMAP^4+, , Hp (10 μg mL^−1) [45]	Tungsten lamps 250 W, 60 Wm^−2	4 logs, 5 logs, no reduction, and no reduction, respectively
	TMPyP, Tri- Py-Me-PyTD, [46]	Quartz halogen lamp with UV and IR filters, 1000 W m^−2	6-7-log reduction.
	p-THPP, p-TAPP, ZnPCS on chitosan (9 μg cm^−2) [47]	Halogen lamp 500 W	>2-log reduction
	RDP^2+, RDB^2+ immobilized on porous poly(dimethyl siloxane) (2 gm^−2) [48]	Solar simulated reactor in lab and sunlight for solar reactor 0.6–0.8 MJ m^−2 L^−1	Approx. 3-log decrease with both films
	TDAP and its Pd complex (PdP-film) on optically transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes [49]	150 W lamp, 900 W m^−2	3-log reduction
	TMPyP, MB (0.73 and 3.65 µmol L^−1) [50]	High-pressure arc xenon lamp 300 W, 28 W m^−2	TMPyP and MB caused reduction by several logs
	Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5 µM) [51]	13 white light lamps, each of 18 W and fluence rate of 40 W m^−2	6-log reduction
	Tri-Py-Me-PF, Tri-Py^+-Me-PF, Tri-Ph-PF on magnetic nanoparticles [52]	White light of 18 W, 40 W m^−2	Cationic hybrids showed 4-5-log reduction
	DBTP-COOH, ANT on silica (2.5 g L^−1) [19]	125 W lamp	7-log reduction
	ZnPc(Sph)4Clm8 on silica gel D/10 μM-ZnChol7, Al(OH)Pc(Sph)4Clm8 on silica gel (D/5 μM-AlClm7, D/5 μM-Alcohol7, D/5 μM-AlTaur7) [53]	Halogen lamp, 75 W m^−2	PDI of positively charged D/5 μM-Alcohol7 (95%) was markedly higher than negatively charged D/5 μM-AlTaur7 (50%)
	Complex 1 and complex 2 (10 μM) [54]	LED array, 950 W m^−2	7-log decrease
	DBPyP (5 μM) [55]	Artificial white light, 480 W m^−2	6-log reduction
	PbTepyPc [56]	Quartz lamp 1.0 × 10^19 photons cm^−2 s^−1	10-log reduction
V. anguillarum	Tetra-Py^+-Me, TMAP^4+, , Hp (10 μg mL^−1) [57]	Tungsten lamps 250 W, 60 Wm^−2	5-, 3-, 0.5-, and 0-log reduction, respectively
	Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5 µM) [58]	13 white light lamps, each of 18 W and fluence rate of 40 W m^−2	5–8-log reduction
V. fischeri	Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5 µM) [51]	13 white light lamps, each of 18 W and fluence rate of 40 W m^−2	5.5-log reduction
	Tri-Py^+-Me-PF on magnetic nanoparticles Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4 at (5 µM of nonsupported and 20 µM of nanohybrids) [59]	White light, 40 W m^−2
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae,; Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Pseudomonas sp.	Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5 µM) [51]	13 white light lamps, each of 18 W and fluence rate of 40 W m^−2	6–8-log reductions in all bacteria
Gram positive bacteria
S. aureus	TMPyP, Tri- Py-Me-PyTD [46]	Quartz halogen lamp with UV and IR filters, 1000 W m^−2	5-log and 7-log reduction, respectively
	Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5 µM) [58]	13 white light lamps, each of 18 W and fluence rate of 40 W m^−2	7-8-log reduction
	PCCox (0.05, 0.5 and 5 µM) [60]	Multi-LED monochromatic lamp 40 W m^−2	99.997% reduction
E. faecalis	RDP^2+, RDB^2+ immobilized on porous poly(dimethyl siloxane) (2 gm^−2) [48]	Solar simulated reactor in lab and sunlight for solar reactor 0.6–0.8 MJ m^−2 L^−1	2-3-log reduction
	Tri-Py-Me-PF, Tri-Py^+-Me-PF, Tri-Ph-PF on magnetic nanoparticles [52]	White light of 18 W, 40 W m^−2	5-log reduction with all the nanohybrids
	RDB^2+/pSil, RDP^2+/pSil, RDP^2+/pSil-a (aged for 250 h) and RDP^2+/pSil-r (reloaded with PS after ageing) [61]	Xe lamp, 150 W, 5 MJ m^−2	2-3-log reduction with all materials
	DMPyP (10 μM), DBPyP (5 μM) [62]	Artificial white light, 480 W m^−2	6-log reduction
E. seriolicida	Tetra-Py^+-Me, TMAP^4+, , Hp (10 μg mL^−1) [57]	Tungsten lamps 250 W, 60 Wm^−2	5-, 7-, 4-, 6-log, respectively
D. radiodurans	RB (1–5 ppm) [63]	Xenon lamp, 1000 W, 100 J cm^−2	5-log reduction
E. hirae	TMPyP, MB (0.73 and 3.65 µmol L^−1) [50]	High-pressure arc xenon lamp 300 W, 28 W m^−2	8-9-log reduction
Fungi
Saprolegnia spp.	TMPyP, Tri- Py-Me-PyTD (10 μM) [46]	Quartz halogen lamp with UV and IR filters, 1000 W m^−2	2-log and 6-log reduction, respectively
C. albicans	TDAP and its Pd complex (PdP-film) on optically transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes [49]	150 W lamp, 900 W m^−2	2.5-log reduction
	ZnPPc^4+ (10 μM) [64]	150 W lamp, 300 W m^−2	5-log reduction
Viruses
Poliovirus	MB (13 μM) [65]	Artificial light, 20 W m^−2	2.5-log reduction
T-4-like phage	Tri-Py-Me-PF, Tri-Py^+-Me-PF, Tri-Ph-PF on magnetic nanoparticles [52]	White light of 18 W, 40 W m^−2	Cationic hybrids cause 6.9-log reduction
	Tetra- Py^+-Me, Tri-Py^+-Me-PF (5.0 μM) [66]	White PAR light (40 W m^−2), sunlight (600 W m^−2)	Both photosensitizers were able to inactivate T4-like phage to the limit of detection (>99.9999%)
Enterovirus 71 (EV71)	MB (0.1 mM) [67]	LED light source 200 J cm^−2 (2000 W cm^−2)	>6.5-log reduction