Effect of Modulating Spin-Coating Rate of TiO<sub>2</sub> Precursor for Mesoporous Layer on <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.546101pt" id="M1" height="13.9455pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.3994 26.2609 13.9455" width="26.2609pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-75" d="M429 650H175L169 622C251 614 259 612 244 532L174 152C163 91 152 37 135 -6C109 -72 67 -101 23 -113L33 -144C45 -143 73 -134 102 -119C186 -76 229 -1 254 133L327 532C341 609 347 613 423 622L429 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,7.76,0)"><path id="g190-46" d="M300 253H71L57 198H286L300 253Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,13.892,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g></svg> Hysteresis of Solar Cells with Polar CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Thin Film

<div><svg height="10.5647pt" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-1.928801pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.8946 10.5647" width="19.8946pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M429 650H175L169 622C251 614 259 612 244 532L174 152C163 91 152 37 135 -6C109 -72 67 -101 23 -113L33 -144C45 -143 73 -134 102 -119C186 -76 229 -1 254 133L327 532C341 609 347 613 423 622L429 650Z" id="g113-75"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="452" vert-adv-y="452"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.879,0)"><path d="M300 253H71L57 198H286L300 253Z" id="g190-46"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="356" vert-adv-y="356"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.524,0)"><path d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z" id="g113-87"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="709" vert-adv-y="709"></glyph.data></g></svg> curves of the CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite solar cells with (a) planar structure and the spin-coating rate of the mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> precursor for (b) 3000 rpm and (c) 1500 rpm. The corresponding IPCE spectrum and the integrated short circuit current density (<svg height="11.9087pt" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.9366 11.9087" width="12.9366pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M429 650H175L169 622C251 614 259 612 244 532L174 152C163 91 152 37 135 -6C109 -72 67 -101 23 -113L33 -144C45 -143 73 -134 102 -119C186 -76 229 -1 254 133L327 532C341 609 347 613 423 622L429 650Z" id="g113-75"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="452" vert-adv-y="452"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.031,3.132)"><path d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z" id="g190-116"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="367" vert-adv-y="367"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.444,3.132)"><path d="M390 111C344 68 312 56 269 56C212 56 118 102 118 241C118 346 175 401 241 401C277 401 312 388 342 360C350 352 355 349 361 349C372 349 394 371 394 392C394 403 391 411 378 422C362 436 329 449 288 449H287C250 449 190 432 138 392C71 341 37 274 37 197C37 90 112 -12 238 -12C297 -12 363 32 407 90L390 111Z" id="g190-100"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="423" vert-adv-y="423"></glyph.data></g></svg>) of the CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite solar cells with (d) planar structure and the spin-coating rate of the mp-TiO<sub>2</sub> precursor for (e) 3000 rpm and (f) 1500 rpm.</div>

International Journal of Photoenergy

fig8

Figure 8

Figure 8: Effect of Modulating Spin-Coating Rate of TiO<sub>2</sub> Precursor for Mesoporous Layer on <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.546101pt" id="M1" height="13.9455pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.3994 26.2609 13.9455" width="26.2609pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-75" d="M429 650H175L169 622C251 614 259 612 244 532L174 152C163 91 152 37 135 -6C109 -72 67 -101 23 -113L33 -144C45 -143 73 -134 102 -119C186 -76 229 -1 254 133L327 532C341 609 347 613 423 622L429 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,7.76,0)"><path id="g190-46" d="M300 253H71L57 198H286L300 253Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,13.892,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g></svg> Hysteresis of Solar Cells with Polar CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Thin Film 

Figure 8 | Effect of Modulating Spin-Coating Rate of TiO2 Precursor for Mesoporous Layer on  Hysteresis of Solar Cells with Polar CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Thin Film 