|
| Contaminant (concentration interval) | Experimental conditions | Reactor type (volume) | Best degradation conditions | Reference |
| Catalyst (pH) | Percentage (time) |
|
| Herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (0.13 mM L−1) | 1 mg L−1 Fe3+ (3.0) | The nonconcentrating solar photoreactor (35 L) | Total organic carbon conversion of 98.9% (at 210 min) | [100] |
| Reactive blue 4 (RB4) (25 mg L−1) | 9.4 mg L−1 Fe2+ (2.0) | CPC (50 L) | Total discoloration, 82% and 23% of COD and TOC removal, respectively (at 60 min) | [52] |
| Reactive blue 4 (RB4), (25 mg L−1) | 7 mg L−1 Fe2+ and 10 mg L−1 of oxalic acid (2.5) | CPC (50 L) | Total discoloration and COD removal were achieved whereas 66% of TOC was eliminated (at 50 min) | [52] |
| Emerging contaminants such as acetaminophen, antipyrine, atrazine, caffeine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, flumequine, hydroxybiphenyl, ibuprofen, isoproturon, ketorolac, ofloxacin, progesterone, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan (100 μg L−1 each, dissolved in methanol at 2.5 g L−1; this was the mother solution) | 5 mg L−1 Fe2+ (no pH adjustment) | CPC (35 L) | ~25% TOC mineralization (300 min) | [2] |
| Electro-optical industry wastewater (563–593 mg L−1 of COD) | 256 mg L−1 Fe2+ (3.0) | Fresnel lens assisted inclined plate curvature channel reactor (8 L) | The COD of the wastewater could reach a reduction of 85–90% (at 60 min) | [101] |
| Hierbamina or 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D and gesaprim or 90% atrazine, ATZ (80 mg L−1 of TOC, 90 mg L−1 ATZ, and 50 mg L−1 2,4-D) | 10 mg L−1 Fe2+ (2.7–2.9) | CPC (40 L) | ~60% mineralization, 20 mg L−1 remaining
TOC (at 120 min) | [82] |
| Alachlor, atrazine, chlorfenvinphos, diuron, and isoproturon (80 mg L−1 of TOC or 30 mg/L each) | 10 mg L−1 Fe2+ (2.7–2.9) | CPC (75 L) | ~80% TOC mineralization (at 100 min) | [184] |
| Ofloxacin-OFX and trimethoprim-TMP (100 μg L−1 each produce no more than 0.1 mg L−1 of DOC) | 5 mg L−1 Fe2+ (2.8–2.9) | CPC (250 L) | ~21% DOC removed and ~50% COD abatement (at 180 min) | [102] |
| Water from a natural source (Pance River in Cali, Colombia) and spiked with E. coli (5.5 mg L−1 of TOC and E. coli 106 CFU mL−1) | 0.6 mg L−1 Fe3+ (6.5) | CPC (20 L) | ~55% TOC reduction and total E. coli inactivation (at 6 h) | [103] |
| Azo dye orange II (20 mg L−1) | 2 mg L−1 Fe2+ and 60 mg L−1 oxalic acid [H2C2O4] (3.0) | CPC (50 L) | 100% decoloration of dye solution and 95% TOC removal (at 80 W h of accumulated solar energy) | [185] |
| Herbicide tebuthiuron (THB) (0.5 mmol L−1) | 0.5 mmol L−1 of potassium ferrioxalate K3Fe(C2O4)3 3H2O (2.5) | Shallow pond type solar flow reactor (20 L) | ~58% TOC removal (at 60 min) | [186] |
| Pesticide 3-chloropyridine (40 mg L−1) | 0.88 mM L−1 Fe2+ (2.8) | CPC (30 L) | Complete mineralization (at 150 min) | [187] |
| Herbicide tebuthiuron-TBH (0.5 mM L−1 or 54 mg L−1 of TOC) | Fe(NO3)3 and citric acid at the same molar iron-to-ligand ratio 1 : 1 at 1.0 mM L−1 (2.5–7.5) | Open dark-glass vessels 4.5 cm deep (250 mL) | 20% and 85% of TOC were removed at pH 7.5 and 2.5, respectively (at 45 min) | [104] |
| Phenol (50 mg L−1) | 0.07 g L−1impure bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles (2.5) | Erlenmeyer flask with mixing rate of 400 rpm (100 mL) | ~97% was removed (60 min) | [188] |
| Antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (50 mg L−1 or 23.75 mg C L−1 of DOC) | 5.2 mg L−1 Fe2+ (2.5–2.8) | CPC (39 L) | SMX was completely decomposed. ~80% DOC removal or 5 mg C L−1 residual (16 min) | [189] |
| Vydate®—10% oxamyl, Metomur®—20% methomyl, Couraze®—20% imidacloprid, Ditimur-40®—40% dimethoate, and Scala®—40% pyrimethanil, (200 mg L−1 of DOC or 40 mg L−1 of each commercial pesticide) | 20 mg L−1 Fe3+ (2.7–2.9) | CPC (75 L) | ~50% DOC mineralization (180 min) | [105] |
| Citrus wastewater (CODinitial of 10,000 mg O2 L−1) | 510 mg L−1 Fe3+ (3.6–4.5) | Batch systems in quartz flasks (100 mL) | COD and DOC removal 76.9% and 53.3%, respectively (at 30 min) | [190] |
| Pesticide acetamiprid (ACTM) (100 μg L−1) | 0.095 mM L−1 Fe2+ (2.8) | Fiberglass raceway pond reactor (360 L) | 90% ACTM removal expressed in concentration, from 4.49 · 10−4 mM to 4.49 · 10−5 mM (90 min) | [191] |
| Inactivation of Fusarium solani spore (spore concentration greater than 103 CFU mL−1) | 10 mg L−1 Fe2+ (3.0) | Sterile glass bottles (250 mL) | To achieve over 99.9% of F. solani inactivation (at 4.20 kJUV L−1 of accumulated energy) | [192] |
| Enterococcus faecalis model (microorganism concentration of 106 CFU mL−1) | 20 mg L−1 Fe2+ (8.0) | Jacketed stirred tank reactors (1.25 L) | Complete water disinfection (100 min) | [106] |
| Synthetic cotton-textile dyeing wastewater (100 mg C L−1 of DOC or 250 mg O2 L−1 of COD) | 40 mg L−1 Fe3+ iron/oxalate molar ratio 1 : 3 (4.0) | CPC (40 L) | 98.3% of colour removal, 14.2 mg C L−1 of residual DOC and 57 mg O2 L−1 of remnant COD are achieved (at 3.2 kJUV L−1 of accumulated energy) | [53] |
| Metronidazole (MTZ) (960 mg L−1 COD0) | 1 mmol L−1 Fe2+ (3.0) | A rectangular mirror glass (50 × 80 cm) on which is placed in parallel at 5 mm a glass plate of the same size (1 L) | ~96% COD removal (12 min) | [83] |
| Synthetic aqueous wastes polluted with safflower oil (70 mg L−1) | 1 mM L−1 (2.6) | System with five DuranTM tubes, a Pyrex glass reservoir, a recirculation pump, and a planar aluminum surface under solar radiation (2.5 L) | The COD was abated smoothly up to 68% COD decrease after 90 min of Fenton reaction (1.6 h) | [193] |
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