|
| Contaminant (concentration interval) | Catalyst | Reactor | Best degradation conditions | Reference |
| Name | Initial concentration | Solution pH | Initial concentration | Type of reactor | Total volume | Percentage | Time |
|
| Amoxicillin | 40 mg L−1 | Degussa P-25 (7.5) | 0.5 g L−1 | CPC | 15 L | 70% of the residual DOC content in the form of low molecular weight | 215 min | [167] |
| Methyl-orange, orange II | 30 mg L−1 | Degussa P-25 (6.4–6.7) | 0.2 g L−1 | CPC | 39 L | 90% of colour abatement and final TOC 0.11 ppm for both | — | [168] |
| Bisphenol A | 100 μg mL−1 | TiO2 anatase, purity 99.9%, Wako Pure Chemical Industries (6.0) | 10 mg L−1 | Pyrex reaction vessel | 50 mL | 60% with light intensity: 1.3 m W cm−2 | 60 min | [98] |
| The commercial detergent (α-sodium fatty acid ester sulfonate, alkylaryl sulfonate, a sodium salt of a fatty acid, aluminosilicate, and sodium carbonate) | 0.1 g L−1 | TiO2 P-25 (4.9) | 6.0 g L−1 | A batch mode reactor exposed to sunlight using a mirror concentrator. | 3 L | 0.2 of Ct/Co | 120 min | [203] |
| Remazol brill blue R (RBBR) | 100 mg L−1 | TiO2 by solution combustion method (natural pH conditions) | 1 g L−1 | Cylindrical borosilicate glass reactor | 400 mL | 0.26 of Ct/Co | 150 min | [130] |
| Reactive yellow 17 (RY17) | Initial COD 476 mg L−1 | TiO2 Degussa P25 (3.5) | 2 g L−1 | The cylindrical reactor | 200 mL of capacity | COD 56 mg L−1 (88%) | 8 h | [139] |
| Reactive red 2 (RR2) | Initial COD 225 mg L−1 | TiO2 Degussa P25 (4.65) | 4 g L−1 | The cylindrical reactor | 200 mL of capacity | COD 18 mg L−1 (92%) | 8 h | [139] |
| Reactive blue 4 (RB4) | Initial COD 81 mg L−1 | TiO2 Degussa P25 (4.2) | 2 g L−1 | The cylindrical reactor | 200 mL of capacity | COD 15 mg L−1 (82%) | 8 h | [139] |
| Escherichia coli K-12, ilitrelding | Concentration of 104 CFU mL−1 | TiO2 Degussa P25 (no pH adjustment) | 25 mg L−1 | CPC collector | The photoreactor volume is 5.4 L | 101 CFU mL−1 | At 2 KJ L−1 of QUV | [169] |
| Reactive brilliant red K-2G | 20 mg L−1 | TiO2 Beijing Chemical Industrial Company (no pH adjustment) | 1 g L−1 | Pyrex beakers | 1 L | Removal of TOC 82% | 4 h | [204] |
| Reactive brilliant red K-BP | 20 mg L−1 | TiO2 Beijing Chemical Industrial Company (no pH adjustment) | 1 g L−1 | Pyrex beakers | 1 L | Removal of TOC 73% | 4 h | [204] |
| Reactive yellow KD-3G | 20 mg L−1 | TiO2 Beijing Chemical Industrial Company (no pH adjustment) | 1 g L−1 | Pyrex beakers | 1 L | Removal of TOC 42% | 4 h | [204] |
| Cationic pink FG | 20 mg L−1 | TiO2 Beijing Chemical Industrial Company (no pH adjustment) | 1 g L−1 | Pyrex beakers | 1 L | Removal of TOC 61% | 4 h | [204] |
| Methyl orange | 20 mg L−1 | TiO2 Beijing Chemical Industrial Company (no pH adjustment) | 1 g L−1 | Pyrex beakers | 1 L | Removal of TOC 52% | 4 h | [204] |
| Humic acids | 100 mg L−1 | TiO2 Degussa P25 (natural pH) | 1 g L−1 | CPC | 35 L | Removal of DOC 93% | QUV = 33 kJ L−1 | [172] |
| Reactive yellow 14 | 5 × 10−4 mol L−1 | TiO2 Degussa P25 (5.5) | 4 g L−1 | Open borosilicate glass tube, 40 cm height and 20 mm diameter | 50 mL capacity | Degradation 84.4% | 60 min | [138] |
| Nitrobenzene | 300 mg L−1 | Degussa P-25 TiO2 (4.5) | 0.3% (w/v of the solution) | Cylindrical reactor | 465 mL of capacity | 96% destruction of TOC | 240 min | [205] |
| Propranolol | 50 mg L−1 | Degussa P-25 (no pH adjustment) | 0.4 g L−1 | Pilot plant (6 parallel CPCs) (concentration factor of 1, CCPC = 1) | 10 L | 81% of degradation | 240 min | [133] |
| Reactive orange 4 | 5 × 10−4 mol L−1 | Degussa P-25 (4.8) | 4 g L−1 | Open borosilicate glass tube, 40 cm height and 20 mm diameter | 50 mL capacity | Dye degradation 97% | 150 min | [206] |
| Phenol | 20 mg L−1 | A home-made TiO2“TiEt-450” (between 5.2 and 6.2) | 500 mg L−1 | CPC | 35 L | Smaller than 3 mg L−1 | 200 min | [207] |
| Diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NPX) 1 : 1 mixture | 30 mg L−1 | TiO2 P25 Aeroxide® (ambient pH) | 0.1 g L−1 | Immersion-well photoreactor | 400 mL | Total COD reductions of 76% | 360 min | [208] |
| Imazalil (IMZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), and acetamiprid (ACP) | 9.0 μg L−1 of IMZ, 12.6 μg L−1 of TBZ, and 20.4 μg L−1 of ACP | Evonik P25 TiO2 (7.2–8.0) | 200 mg L−1 | CPC | 8 L | Removal 68% ACP and 85% TBZ and 100% of IMZ | 20 kJ L−1 | [173] |
| Synthetic sewage | 200 mg L−1 DOC | TiO2 Degussa P25 and sodium peroxydisulfate (Na2S2O8) (3.3) | TiO2 = 200 mg L−1 Na2S2O8 = 4300 mg L−1 | CPC | 35 L | 73% decrease in the initial DOC | 5 h | [209] |
| Ferricyanide | 4 × 10−3–10 × 10−3 mol L−1 of Fe(CN)63−, pH values tested were 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 | TiO2 Sigma-Aldrich 93% anatase and 7% rutile, particle size < 25 nm (pH values tested were 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14) | 600 mg L−1 | CPC | 1.5 L | Sunlight exposure with TiO2 the total amounts of ferricyanide and cyanide decreased 94%, whereas only 4.8% was decreased with solar photolysis | 24 h | [174] |
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