Recent Overview of Solar Photocatalysis and Solar Photo-Fenton Processes for Wastewater Treatment

Table 5

Immobilized TiO₂ solar photocatalysis.

Contaminant (concentration interval)		Experimental conditions			Reactor		Best degradation conditions		Reference
Name	Initial concentration	Method of synthesis	Catalyst (pH)	Initial concentration	Type of reactor	Total volume	Percentage	Time
Atrazine	20 mg L^−1	Sol-gel method using titanium butoxide	180 spheres of TiO2-coated glass sustained by a nylon mesh (3.0)	0.3 g L^−1	An open, undivided and cylindrical tank reactor	200 mL	Reduction of 30% of initial concentration	300 min	[202]
Methylene blue	50 mg L^−1	Hydrothermal method	TiO2 Degussa P25 supported on black volcanic ashes TVA (no pH adjustment)	3 g L^−1 TVA	Stirred photoreactors with parabolic sunlight irradiation concentrators	50 mL	95% degradation of wastewater pollutant	120 min	[210]
Salicylic acid	165 mg L^−1	Sol-gel method using titanium butoxide	TiO2 coating onto borosilicate glass spheres of 5 mm diameter (3.0)	0.25 g TiO2 L^−1	A polycarbonate box with a mirror at the bottom and tilted 41°	3.0 L	Reduction of 14% of initial concentration	360 min	[194]
Acetaminophen, thiabendazole, acetamiprid, and imazalil	100 μg L^−1 each	Sol-gel technique using titanium isopropoxide	Glass spheres (6 mm φ) were dip-coated with the TiO2 sol (6.2–8.4)	0.6 mg of TiO2 on the surface of each glass bead	CPC	8 L	Reduction of 100% of initial concentration	240 min	[122]