Review on Substrate and Molybdenum Back Contact in CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell

Table 1

Brief introduction on the production, efficiency, etc. of conventional PV (c-Si) and thin film solar cells (a-Si, CdTe, and CIGS) [10, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 42, 51, 52].

	Conventional PV	Thin film solar cells
	c-Si	a-Si	CdTe	CIGS
Best research cell efficiency	25.7% [37]	14% [37]	22.1% [37]	22.6% [37]
Best module efficiency	24.4% [36]	12.3% [36]	18.6% [36]	15.7% [36]
Theoretical efficiency limit	29.43% [52]	20% [51]	32.8% [51]	33.5% [51]
Absorption coefficient	10^4 cm^−1 [40]	(5 × 10^4) cm^−1 [40]	10^5 cm^−1 [40]	>10^5 cm^−1 [40]
Current PV market share	92% [32]	<1% [32]	5% [32]	2% [32]
Annual production	~71.76 GW	~0.78 GW	~3.9 GW	~1.56 GW
Energy payback time	~2 years [42]	~1.5 years [42]	~7 months [42]	~1 year [42]
Major manufacturer	Jinko Solar [33]	Sharp [10]	First Solar [10]	Solar Frontier [10]