International Journal of Photoenergy

Review Article

Use of Nanofluids in Solar PV/Thermal Systems

Table 2

Conclusion of the previous studies.
ApplicationReferenceNanoparticlesBase fluid/mediumConcentrationThermal conductivity (W/(m·K))Preparation methodStabilityParameter studied
ConcentrationThermal conductivityViscosity
PV/T[37]Water1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 wt%Two step method (ultrasonic shaker)Up to 6 months✓✓✓✓✓✓
[38]Water0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% by volume.Two step method (ultrasonic shaker)Up to 6 months✓✓✓✓✓✓
PCM
[39]Water 0.2 wt%40Two step method (ultrasonic vibrator)Up to two days✓——✓✓—
8.9
13
[18]Water 0.026 wt%—Two step method (ultrasonic bath followed by probe)—✓——✓✓✓
[45]Water 1 and 3 wt%11-14 nm—Two step method (ultrasonic processor)Up to ten days✓——✓✓✓
[40]Water1% to 12% by volume.50 nm—Numerical study (CFD)—✓✓—✓✓✓
[41]Water0.1% to 0.5% (step 0.1%) by volume.30 nm———✓——✓✓—
[47]Water45 nm—Two step method (ultrasonic mixing)At least one month✓——✓✓✓
[43]Water/ethylene glycol0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 wt%—40Two step method (ultrasonic mechanism)—✓——✓✓—
401
[46]Water0.05% by volume75 nm0.722 (nanofluid)Two step method (ultrasonicator)From one (Triton X-100) to 3 days (SDBS surfactant)—✓✓✓✓✓
[48]Water0.5, 1, and 2 t%——Two step method (ultrasonic device)—✓✓✓✓✓✓
[76]Water0.02 wt%————✓——✓✓✓
[42]Water0% to 10% by volume——Numerical study—✓——The enhancement in the average and local Nusselt number @ different Re
CPV/T[60]WaterUp to 4% by volume20 nm—Numerical study (CFD)—✓——✓✓—
[61]WaterUp to 4% by volume20 nm40Numerical study (CFD)—✓——✓✓Net power
150
[51]Water5% by volume 38.4 nm—Numerical study (CFD)——✓—✓✓✓
[49]AgTherminol VP-10.001% to 1.5% by volume—Numerical study—✓——✓✓✓
[55]PCM1% and 5 wt%59, 29, and 30 nm40Numerical study (CFD)—✓✓—✓✓—
18
1.2
[59]Oleylamine ()(0.00 to ) ppm 60.2 nm0.170-0.176 (nanofluid)Ultrasonic washer (before each test)—✓✓—✓✓✓
[54]Water1, 3, and 5% by volume13, 28, 36, and 47 nm—Numerical study—✓——✓——
[52]WaterUp to 4% by volume 38.4 nm—Numerical study (CFD)—✓——Cell temp.Net power—
CPV/T with PTC[58]Syltherm 800 (thermal oil)5% by volume——Numerical study (CFD)—✓✓✓✓✓✓
[53]Water0, 1, 6% by volume——Numerical study (CFD)—✓——✓✓✓
[50]AgWater6% to 13% by volume——Numerical study (CFD)—✓——✓✓✓
[56]WaterUp to 4% by volume21 nm—Numerical study—✓✓✓✓✓✓
DAPTC[57]Water0.002% to 0.008% by volume<100 nm—Two step method (ultrasonic probe with sodium hexametaphosphate surfactantStable through the exp.✓——✓——
DASC[62]GraphiteWater0% to 1% by volume30 nm—Two step method (sonication with sodium dodecyl-sulfate surfactant)—✓——✓——
Ag20 and 40 nm
CNT6-20 nm
FP&UTSC[63]Water0.5 %, 1%, and 1.5% by volume20, 50, and 100 nm——Up to one week✓——✓✓Cost analysis
[64]MWCNTWater0.2 and 0.4 wt%10-30 nm—Two step method (ultrasonic probe) and (adding Triton X-100)Up to 10 days✓——✓——
[65]Water0.2 wt%—Two step method (ultrasonic processor Bandelin Sonorex Super RK514H) with Triton-X 100————✓——
[66]Water0.25% to 2% by volume42 nm (CuO),7 nm ()—Two step method (ultrasonic bath)—✓✓✓✓✓—
[67]CNTWater0.15% by volume10-12 nm, length of 0.1-10 μm3.47 (nanofluid)Chemicals followed by ultrasonic bath (two step method) 15 hr.———✓——
ETSC[68]Water0.03% and 0.06% by volume40 nm36Two step method (adding Triton-X 100 followed by ultrasonic probe)Up to one week✓✓—✓——
[69]GNPWater0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 wt%5-10 nm—Two step method (ultrasonic probe) without surfactantsUp to three months✓✓✓✓——
[70]Water 1.2 wt% 50 nm—Two step method (ultrasonic bath)————✓——
[71]Water0.3% by volume30-50 nm8.4Two step method (followed by mechanical stirrer)————✓——
[72]Water1%, 3%, and 5% by volume30 nm429Two step method (followed by ultrasonic mixing)Up to 4 hrs.✓——✓——
50 nm22.7
[73]1% to 4% by volume30 nm27.2Two step method (followed by magnetic stirrer)—✓——✓——
[74]MWCNTWater 0.06 to 0.24% by volume—3000Two step method (ultrasonic probe) followed by adding gum Arabic for stability—✓✓✓✓Cost and environmental analyses
[75]Water20 ppm60 nm—Two-step method (followed by adding tannic acid as a reducing agent)One year under observation✓——✓——