|
Application | Reference | Nanoparticles | Base fluid/medium | Concentration | | Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)) | Preparation method | Stability | Parameter studied |
Concentration | Thermal conductivity | Viscosity | | | |
|
PV/T | [37] | | Water | 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 wt% | | | Two step method (ultrasonic shaker) | Up to 6 months | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[38] | | Water | 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% by volume. | | | Two step method (ultrasonic shaker) | Up to 6 months | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| PCM |
[39] | | Water | 0.2 wt% | | 40 | Two step method (ultrasonic vibrator) | Up to two days | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — |
| | 8.9 |
| | 13 |
[18] | | Water | 0.026 wt% | | — | Two step method (ultrasonic bath followed by probe) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
[45] | | Water | 1 and 3 wt% | 11-14 nm | — | Two step method (ultrasonic processor) | Up to ten days | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[40] | | Water | 1% to 12% by volume. | 50 nm | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
[41] | | Water | 0.1% to 0.5% (step 0.1%) by volume. | 30 nm | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — |
[47] | | Water | | 45 nm | — | Two step method (ultrasonic mixing) | At least one month | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[43] | | Water/ethylene glycol | 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 wt% | — | 40 | Two step method (ultrasonic mechanism) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — |
| 401 |
[46] | | Water | 0.05% by volume | 75 nm | 0.722 (nanofluid) | Two step method (ultrasonicator) | From one (Triton X-100) to 3 days (SDBS surfactant) | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[48] | | Water | 0.5, 1, and 2 t% | — | — | Two step method (ultrasonic device) | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
[76] | | Water | 0.02 wt% | — | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[42] | | Water | 0% to 10% by volume | — | — | Numerical study | — | ✓ | — | — | The enhancement in the average and local Nusselt number @ different Re |
|
CPV/T | [60] | | Water | Up to 4% by volume | 20 nm | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | — |
|
[61] | | Water | Up to 4% by volume | 20 nm | 40 | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | Net power |
| 150 |
[51] | | Water | 5% by volume | 38.4 nm | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | — | ✓ | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[49] | Ag | Therminol VP-1 | 0.001% to 1.5% by volume | | — | Numerical study | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[55] | | PCM | 1% and 5 wt% | 59, 29, and 30 nm | 40 | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | ✓ | — |
| 18 |
| 1.2 |
[59] | | Oleylamine () | (0.00 to ) ppm | 60.2 nm | 0.170-0.176 (nanofluid) | Ultrasonic washer (before each test) | — | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[54] | | Water | 1, 3, and 5% by volume | 13, 28, 36, and 47 nm | — | Numerical study | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
[52] | | Water | Up to 4% by volume | 38.4 nm | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | — | — | Cell temp. | Net power | — |
|
CPV/T with PTC | [58] | | Syltherm 800 (thermal oil) | 5% by volume | — | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[53] | | Water | 0, 1, 6% by volume | — | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[50] | Ag | Water | 6% to 13% by volume | — | — | Numerical study (CFD) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
[56] | | Water | Up to 4% by volume | 21 nm | — | Numerical study | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
DAPTC | [57] | | Water | 0.002% to 0.008% by volume | <100 nm | — | Two step method (ultrasonic probe with sodium hexametaphosphate surfactant | Stable through the exp. | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
|
DASC | [62] | Graphite | Water | 0% to 1% by volume | 30 nm | — | Two step method (sonication with sodium dodecyl-sulfate surfactant) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
Ag | 20 and 40 nm |
CNT | 6-20 nm |
|
FP&UTSC | [63] | | Water | 0.5 %, 1%, and 1.5% by volume | 20, 50, and 100 nm | — | — | Up to one week | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | ✓ | Cost analysis |
[64] | MWCNT | Water | 0.2 and 0.4 wt% | 10-30 nm | — | Two step method (ultrasonic probe) and (adding Triton X-100) | Up to 10 days | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
[65] | | Water | 0.2 wt% | | — | Two step method (ultrasonic processor Bandelin Sonorex Super RK514H) with Triton-X 100 | — | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
[66] | | Water | 0.25% to 2% by volume | 42 nm (CuO),7 nm () | — | Two step method (ultrasonic bath) | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — |
|
[67] | CNT | Water | 0.15% by volume | 10-12 nm, length of 0.1-10 μm | 3.47 (nanofluid) | Chemicals followed by ultrasonic bath (two step method) | 15 hr. | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
|
ETSC | [68] | | Water | 0.03% and 0.06% by volume | 40 nm | 36 | Two step method (adding Triton-X 100 followed by ultrasonic probe) | Up to one week | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✓ | — | — |
[69] | GNP | Water | 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 wt% | 5-10 nm | — | Two step method (ultrasonic probe) without surfactants | Up to three months | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | — |
[70] | | Water | 1.2 wt% | 50 nm | — | Two step method (ultrasonic bath) | — | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
[71] | | Water | 0.3% by volume | 30-50 nm | 8.4 | Two step method (followed by mechanical stirrer) | — | — | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
[72] | | Water | 1%, 3%, and 5% by volume | 30 nm | 429 | Two step method (followed by ultrasonic mixing) | Up to 4 hrs. | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
| 50 nm | 22.7 |
[73] | | | 1% to 4% by volume | 30 nm | 27.2 | Two step method (followed by magnetic stirrer) | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
[74] | MWCNT | Water | 0.06 to 0.24% by volume | — | 3000 | Two step method (ultrasonic probe) followed by adding gum Arabic for stability | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Cost and environmental analyses |
[75] | | Water | 20 ppm | 60 nm | — | Two-step method (followed by adding tannic acid as a reducing agent) | One year under observation | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | — | — |
|