Optical and Thermal Properties of Therminol 55-TiO₂ Nanofluids for Solar Energy Storage

Table 1

Author	Base fluid and nanoparticles	Optimum concentration	Optical absorbance; (visible range)	Photothermal conversion efficiency	Receiver tube
Chen et al. [1]	Water-graphene oxide	0.02 mass fraction	60% (abs)	48.92%	Cylindrical quartz glass
Karami et al. [2]	Water and ethylene glycol- (70% : 30%) CuO	100 ppm	98% (abs)	—	—
Rose et al. [3]	Ethylene glycol-graphene oxide	0.012 vol. fraction	3 AU	—	—
Muraleedharan et al. [4]	Therminol 55-Al2O3	0.1% vol. concentration	1.4 AU	62.7%	Glass-to-glass type (evacuated)
Wang et al. [6]	MPCM slurry/water-ethanol-MWCNTs	0.005 wt.%	100% (abs)	79.8°C (maximum temperature)	Glass-to-glass type (evacuated)
Qu et al. [7].	Water-MWCNTs	0.01 wt.%	100% (abs)	96.4%	Glass tubes
Chen et al. [8]	Water-MWCNTs (milling treated)	0.02 wt.%	100% (abs)	95%	Acrylic receiver
Chen et al. [9]	Ionic liquid-silicon carbide	0.03 wt.%	100% (abs)	—	—
Khosrojerdi et al. [11]	Water-graphene oxide	0.045 wt.%	0.9 AU	—	—
Chen et al. [17]	Water-Ag and Au (hybrid)	2.5 ppm	0.5 AU	30.97%	Glass beakers
Tyagi et al. [19]	Therminol VP-1-Al2O3	0.05% vol. concentration	—	78%	Glass-to-glass type (evacuated)
Kalidoss et al. [23]	Therminol 55-MWCNTs	100 ppm	0.75 AU	17.36%	Glass-to-copper type (evacuated)