| | Reference | Study location & irradiation (kWh/m2/d) | Model architecture with power ratings | Principal economic indicators (cost units) | Electrical production and/or power consumption. | | Initial capital cost | Operating cost ($/Yr.) | NPC | LCOE |
| | [18] | Baru Sahib in India & [7.57] | PV: 6 kW
DG: 3 kW
Converter: 1 kW | 11,530$ | 5,067 | 76,307$ | 1.211$/kWh | Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC load demand: 13kWh/day with 2.5 kWp | | [19] | Residential load of Sunderbans in India & [4.978] | Case A: hybrid (PV-FC)
PV: 2 kW
FC: 0.1 kW
Electrolyzer: 0.5 kW
BT: 8
Converter: 1 kW | 18,375$ | 353$ | 21,141$ | 2.473$/kWh | Production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 2416, i.e., 98%
FC: 52, i.e., 2%
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC load: 1095, i.e., 57%
Electrolyzer load: 822, i.e., 43% | Case B: Hybrid (WT-FC)
WT: 10 kW
FC: 0.1 kW
Electrolyzer: 1.5 kW
BT: 24
Converter: 0.5 kW | 31,450$ | 1,512$ | 50,785$ | 3.628$/kWh | Production (kWh/Yr.)
WT: 5,111, i.e., 98%
FC: 92, i.e., 2%
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC load: 1,095 i.e.43%
Electrolyzer load: 1,442, i.e., 57%. | Case C
Hybrid (PV-WT-FC)
PV: 0.5 kW
WT: 10 kW
FC: 0.1 kW
Electrolyser:1 kW
BT: 8
Converter: 0.5 kW | 29,475$ | 931$ | 41,373$ | 2.956$/kWh | Production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 604, i.e., 10%
WT: 5,111 i.e.88%
FC: 106, i.e., 2%
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC load: 1,090, i.e., 39%
Electrolyzer load: 1,714, i.e., 61% | | [20] | Technical (Matlab) and economic (Homer Pro) Papua in Indonesia & [4.74] | Pure PV
BT: 12 V/100 Ah
Pure DG | : 186.19$ | — | 203,271$ | 0.64$/kWh | Load consumption (kWh/day)
AC load: 45,6 | | 0.54$/1 L | — | 320,661$ | 1.17
$/kWh
(1$ =14,877.22Rp) | | [21] | Off-grid rural electrification in Rwanda & [5.4] | Hyd: 10 kW
WT: 100 kW
PV: 10 kW | : 80,000$
: 20,000$
: 16,000$
(1 kWh each): 2,400$;
: 30,000$ | 1,495.49$ | 41,210.80$ | 0.0560$/kWh | Production (kWh/Yr.)
Hyd: 122,716, i.e., 98.7%
PV: 1,620, i.e., 1.3%
Consumption (kWh/day)
AC load: 158.1
Peak:18 kW | Hyd (1Turbine):
10 kW
PV: 1.09 kW
Converter: 10 kW | Hyd: 10 kW
WT: 100 kW | WT:100 kW
PV: 10 kW | | [22] | Rural area in the southern city of Bangladesh | Hybrid (Grid-PV-WT)
Grid: 999,999 kW
PV: 150 kW
WT (3 WGs)
Converter: 180 kW | 600,000$ | -4,977$ | 535,661$ | 0.0995$/kWh | Production (kWh/Yr.)
WT: 124,625, i.e., 28.57%
PV: 198,814, i.e., 45.58%
Grid purchases: 112,747, i.e., 25.85%
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC load: 238,976, i.e., 57.4%
Grid sales:177328, i.e., 42.6% | | Off-grid (WT-PV) | | [23] | The hybrid (PV-FC) power system residential community in Sharjah (150houses) | PV: 517 kW
FC: 750 kW
H2 tank: 900 kg
Inverter: 738 kW | — | — | 3.07 million$ | 145$/MWh | Production (MWh/Yr.)
PV: 1052.68, i.e., 52%
FC: 980.32, i.e., 48%
Consumption (MWh/Yr.)
AC load: 238,976, i.e., 80.7%
Electrolyzer load: 286.37, i.e., 14.08%
Excess power: 37.53, i.e., 1.8%
Losses in power conversion: 68.37, i.e., 3.3% | | [12] | HPSs for typical residential loads for the rural community in South Africa. | PV: 5 kW
BT (30): 720 Ah
Regulator: 12/24 V,5A
DG: 5.5 kW, 50 Hz @ 3,000 rpm
Converter: 6 kW | : 4,250$
: 269$
: 15,398$ (0.7$/L)
: 32,990$ (0.9$/L)
: 313$
: 3,731$ | — | 62,402$ for (0.7$/L) 65,833$ for (0.9$/L) | — | Upington city results
RF: 0.75
Lowest diesel used: 1,267 [L/year] at (0.7$/1 L) & 1,275 [L/year] at (0.9$/1 L)
Lowest emission of CO2
3.336 [tons/year] for diesel 1 price (0.7$/1 L)
3.359 [tons/year] for diesel 2 price (0.9$/1 L) | | [16] | First site location: Pulau Banggi in Malaysia | | Solar radiation averaging [4.8–6.1] | Optimized Hybrid 1PV/(G1-G5) Diesels/Battery system (42.38% RE) | — | 536,081$ | 9,345,510$ | 0.302$/kWh | Existing LCOE: 0.5352$/kWh
The improvement: 0.2332$/kWh
Load consumption: 6,632.86 kWh/day with 476.23 kWp | | Second site location: Tanjung Labian in Malaysia | | Solar radiation averaging [4.8 –6.1] | Optimized Hybrid 1PV/(G1-G3) Diesels/Battery system (39.89% RE) | — | 302,203$ | 5,571,168$ | 0.312$/kWh | The improvement: 0.2234$/kWh
Load consumption: 3,830.07 kWh/day with 417.55 kWp | | [24] | Khorramabad in Iran (data of 2012)
Solar radiation averaging [5.15] | : 6,900$
: 2,500$
: 1,200$
: 1,500$-3,000$
(1.24 kW): 3,900$ | 215,500$ | 3,910$ | 234,843$ | 7.367$/kWh | Scheme A is not economical due to low efficiency of fuel cells
Residential load consumption: 19 kWh/day with 2.6 kWp | PV: 6,900$
WT(1.24 kW): 3,900$
DG (0.25$/L): 3,500$
Bat:6 V/1.156 ah: 1,200$; converter (efficiency:90%): 800$ | 24,600$ | 713$ | 28,128$ | 0.871
$/kWh | Scheme B: Economical and recommended by the authors.
Residential load consumption
19 kWh/day with 2.6 kWp | | [25] | Optimal design: Puerto Estrella | Energy production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 180,475
DG: 2,789
WT: 2,988
CO2 emission: 3,169 kg/Yr.
RF: 0.99
Electricity consumption: 379 kWh/day with 88 kWp | | Off-grid with PV, WT, DG | PV: 160 kW
WT: 10 kW
DG: 25 kW
BT: 250
Converter: 80 kW | 521,078$ | 24,652 | 836,210$ | 0.473$/kWh | | Optimal design for Unguia | Energy production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 180,475
DG: 4,553
CO2 emission: 5,120 kg/Yr.
RF: 0.98
Electricity consumption: 180 kWh/day with 38 kWp | | Off-grid with PV, DG | PV: 100 kW
DG: 25 kW
BT: 100
Converter: 30 kW | 227,350$ | 11,373 | 372,736$ | 0.444$/kWh | | Optimal design: Jerico | Energy production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 267,345
DG: 5,250
CO2 emission:5923 kg/Yr. RF:0.98
Electricity consumption
213 kWh/day with 41 kWp | | Off-grid with PV, DG. | PV: 150 kW
DG: 25 kW
BT: 100
Converter: 40 kW | 268,100$ | 12,855 | 445,207$ | 0.488
$/kWh | | [26] | Taleghan in Iran | PV: 0.8 kW
WT (×2): 0.4 kW each
Inverter: 2.5 kW
BT (12 V/200 Ah): 8 | 22,998$ | 218 | 24,623$ | 1.655$/kWh | Energy production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 1,234 (41%)
WT: 1,794 (59%)
Energy consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC primary load: 1992, i.e., 100% | | [27] | Irradiation: [4.8] | Off-grid connection hybrid system | | Case A | DG: 10 kW
BG: 15 kW | : 1,600$/1 kW
: 2,800$/1 kW
: 370$/1 kWh
: 1,295$
: 1,000$/1 kWh | | 123,668$ | 0.145-0.119$/kWh | RF: 0.93
Load consumption: 117-186 kWh/day with 19 kWp | | Case B | PV: 5 kW
BT: 20 kW
Converter:15 kW
DG: 10 kW
BG: 15 kW | 172,003$ | 0.129$/kWh | RF: 1, i.e., 100%
Load consumption: 152-242 kWh/day with 25 kWp | | Case C | DG: 10 kW
PV: 5 kW
BT: 20 kW
Converter:10 kW
BG: 35 kW | 217,551$ | 0.12$/kWh | RF: 1, i.e., 100%
Load consumption: 248-392 kWh/day with 41 kWp | | Grid-connected hybrid system | | Case A | Grid: 100 kW
BG: 15 kW | — | — | 82,822$ | 0.064$/kWh | Energy production
Grid purchase: 9%
Grid sales: 23%
RF: 0.91
Load consumption: 178 kWh/day with 19 kWp | | Case B | Grid: 100 kW
BG: 15 kW | 79,538$ | 0.064$/kWh | Energy production
Grid purchase: 10%
Grid sales: 28%
RF: 0.90
Load consumption: 182 kWh/day with 25 kWp | | Case C | Grid: 100 kW
BG: 30 kW | 134,270$ | 0.064$/kWh | Energy production
Grid purchase: 11%
Grid sales: 5%
RF: 0.89
Load consumption: 86 kWh/day with 41 kWp | | [28] | Agricultural village in Pakistan & Irradiation: [5.18-6.95] | PV: 10 kW
BT: kWh
Converter: 12 kW
BG: 08 kW | 16,057.31$, i.e., 2.64 M (Rs)
Rs (2020) | 864.32, i.e., 142,103 (Rs) | 27,248.77$, i.e., 4.48 M (Rs) | 0.034$/kWh or 5.51 Rs/kWh | Electricity production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 16,872, i.e., 24.6%
BG: 57,721, i.e., 75.4%
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC primary load: 65,372, i.e., 100% | | The proposed study | Residential home in Rwanda & Irradiation: [5.5] | Case I: on-grid PV microgrid system design | Case I
PV: 18 kW
BT: kWh
Converter: 25 kW
Grid: 999,999 kW | 53,500$ | -2,397 | 22,155$ | 0.0645$/kWh | Electricity production (kWh/Yr.)
PV: 26,973, i.e., 97.6%
Grid purchase: 673, i.e., 2.4%
EIRR: 2.47%
Payback period: 18.1 Yrs.
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC primary load: 1,995, i.e., 7.5%
Grid sales: 24,572, i.e., 92.5% | | Case II and Case III: off-grid PV microgrid system design | Case II
DG: 0.5 kW
PV: 1.16 kW
BT (1 kWh): 2
Converter Leonics model: 25 kW | 19,096$ | 1,277 | 35,605$ | 1.38$/kWh | Electricity production (kWh/Yr.)
Excess electricity:537
PV: 1,746, i.e., 65.8% & DG: 906, i.e., 34.2%
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC primary load: 1,995, i.e., 100%
Fuel used: 275 L/0.3 L/kWh. | Case III
PV: 5 kW
BT (1kWh): 10
Converter Leonics model: 25 kW | 32,500$ | 1,123 | 7,012$ | 1.82$/kWh | Electricity production (kWh/Yr.)
Excess electricity: 5,349
PV: 7,493, i.e., 100%
Unmet electric load: 1.33
Consumption (kWh/Yr.)
AC primary load: 1,994, i.e., 100% |
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