A Comparison of Models for Estimating Solar Radiation from Sunshine Duration in Croatia

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Location</td><td class="align_center">Latitude</td><td class="align_center">Longitude</td><td class="align_center">Alt. (m)</td><td class="align_center">Period of record</td><td class="align_center">Dataset usage</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="6"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Dubrovnik</td><td class="align_center">42°38<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>41<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">18°05<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>06<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">52</td><td class="align_center">2003-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Gospić</td><td class="align_center">44°33<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>02<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">15°22<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>23<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">564</td><td class="align_center">2005-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Križevci</td><td class="align_center">46°01<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>44<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">13°33<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>13<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">155</td><td class="align_center">2014-2019</td><td class="align_center">2014-2019 validation</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Osijek</td><td class="align_center">45°30<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>09<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M80" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">18°33<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M81" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>41<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M82" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">89</td><td class="align_center">2014-2019</td><td class="align_center">2014-2019 validation</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Parg</td><td class="align_center">45°35<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M83" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>37<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M84" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">14°37<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M85" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>50<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M86" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">863</td><td class="align_center">2003-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Rijeka</td><td class="align_center">45°20<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M87" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>13<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M88" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">14°26<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M89" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>34<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">120</td><td class="align_center">2003-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison<br/>2003-2013 validation</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Split</td><td class="align_center">43°30<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>30<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">16°25<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>35<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">122</td><td class="align_center">2003-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison<br/>2003-2013 validation</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Zadar</td><td class="align_center">44°07<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>48<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M96" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">15°12<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M97" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>21<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M98" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">5</td><td class="align_center">2006-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Zagreb</td><td class="align_center">45°49<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M99" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>19<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M100" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>N</td><td class="align_center">16°02<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M101" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>01<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M102" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 6.94594 11.4859" width="6.94594pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.038,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z"></path></g></svg>E</td><td class="align_center">123</td><td class="align_center">2004-2019</td><td class="align_center">2009-2019 comparison<br/>2003-2013 validation</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="6"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>List of meteorological stations in Croatia where sunshine duration and global horizontal radiation are measured and datasets used.</div>

International Journal of Photoenergy

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: A Comparison of Models for Estimating Solar Radiation from Sunshine Duration in Croatia 