Research Article

Optimization of Energy Consumption in Net-Zero Energy Buildings with Increasing Thermal Comfort of Occupants

Table 5

Optimization of Pareto Front.

Total site energy consumption (kWh)Discomfort (hr : min)Cooling system COPHVACLightingCooling set-backPMV (°C)Heating set-backPMV (°C)

121740.3206 : 554.75VAV, air-cooled chiller, HR, outdoor air reset+mixed modeFluorescent, compact (CFL)26.76
221696.9225 : 584.9VAV, air-cooled chiller, HR, outdoor air resetFluorescent, compact (CFL)26.22.3
320645.7254 : 325GSHP water to water heat pump, heated floor, chilled beams, nat ventFluorescent, compact (CFL)25.8-4.6
419046.8273 : 265VAV, water-cooled chiller, full humidity controlT5 (16 mm diam) fluorescent, triphosphor, high-frequency control26.75.4
518712.9286 : 225VAV, air-cooled chiller, steam humidifier, air-side HR, outdoor air resetT5 (16 mm diam) fluorescent, triphosphor, high-frequency control25.8-3.9
618478.3310 : 194.95Fan coil unit (4 pipes) with district heating+coolingT5 (16 mm diam) fluorescent, triphosphor, high-frequency control25.36