Parameter Estimation of the Photovoltaic System Using Bald Eagle Search (BES) Algorithm

Table 3

The individual absolute error and relative error of a single-diode model obtained by BES.

Item	Test data		Simulated current		Power
	(V)	(A)	(A)	IAE (A)	(W)	RE
1	−0.2057	0.7640	0.764112	0.000112	-0.157178	-0.000146
2	−0.1291	0.7620	0.762687	0.000687	-0.098463	-0.000902
3	−0.0588	0.7605	0.761379	0.000879	-0.044769	-0.001156
4	0.0057	0.7605	0.760178	0.000322	0.004333	0.000423
5	0.0646	0.7600	0.759079	0.000921	0.049037	0.001211
6	0.1185	0.7590	0.758066	0.000934	0.089831	0.001230
7	0.1678	0.7570	0.757116	0.000116	0.127044	-0.000153
8	0.2132	0.7570	0.756166	0.000834	0.161214	0.001102
9	0.2545	0.7555	0.755111	0.000389	0.192176	0.000515
10	0.2924	0.7540	0.753689	0.000311	0.220379	0.000413
11	0.3269	0.7505	0.751417	0.000917	0.245638	-0.001222
12	0.3585	0.7465	0.747383	0.000883	0.267937	-0.001183
13	0.3873	0.7385	0.740152	0.001652	0.286661	-0.002238
14	0.4137	0.7280	0.727430	0.000570	0.300938	0.000783
15	0.4373	0.7065	0.707043	0.000543	0.309190	-0.000769
16	0.4590	0.6755	0.675389	0.000111	0.310003	0.000165
17	0.4784	0.6320	0.630925	0.001075	0.301835	0.001700
18	0.4960	0.5730	0.572180	0.000820	0.283801	0.001432
19	0.5119	0.4990	0.499971	0.000971	0.255935	-0.001945
20	0.5265	0.4130	0.414157	0.001157	0.218054	-0.002802
21	0.5398	0.3165	0.318194	0.001694	0.171761	-0.005352
22	0.5521	0.2120	0.213046	0.001046	0.117623	-0.004934
23	0.5633	0.1035	0.103375	0.000125	0.058231	0.001209
24	0.5736	−0.0100	-0.007341	0.002659	-0.004211	0.265897
25	0.5833	−0.1230	-0.123850	0.000850	-0.072242	-0.006910
26	0.5900	−0.2100	-0.206601	0.003399	-0.121895	0.016186
Total IAE				0.023977