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| S. no. | Years | Authors & references | Technology application | Case studies | A summary description of the main objective of the study |
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| 1. | 2016 | Abrams [77] | Solar energy investment | Rwanda | From the perspective of a licensed professional, this research examined the creation of East Africa’s first utility-scale solar sector. The study used a plant in Rwanda as a case study to examine the elements needed for the effective implementation of financially successful utility-scale solar energy projects with the potential to help Africa bridge its severe power supply deficit. |
| 2. | 2021 | Kizilcec and Parikh [78] | Pay-as-you-go solar home system | Rwanda (Bugesera and Kayonza districts) | This study examined the journey of a Pay-as-you-go solar home system customer using the case of Rwanda. This study clearly revealed that the journey of the customer is nonlinear and cyclical, recognizing that a household operates in a social network within which others may affect or be influenced. Moreover, it highlighted the increasing importance of solar home system recommendations in raising awareness of solar home systems, pointing to the shifts in the environment of the off-grid energy market where customer awareness no longer appears to be a key barrier to adoption. |
| 3. | 2021 | Alonso-Montesinos et al. [79] | Solar-diesel hybrid minigrids | Rwanda (Nyabiheke camp) | The environmental and economic benefits of the fully renewable and diesel-hybrid minigrid were studied in this study. This research showed how environmental goals, operational timeframes, financial resources, and will influence the most appropriate system designed for humanitarian actors on a case-by-case basis. |
| 4. | 2021 | Asemota [80] | Off-grid solar | Rwanda | A preview of off-grid solar performance targets in Rwanda. |
| 5. | 2020 | Bisaga et al. [81] | Off-grid solar energy | Rwanda | This paper is aimed at mapping the synergies and trade-offs between energy and sustainable development goals by using the case of Rwanda. |
| 6. | 2020 | Grimm et al. [82] | Off-grid solar energy | Rwanda | The study showed a willingness to pay for various solar technologies in rural Rwanda. |
| 7. | 2020 | Brunet et al. [83] | Photovoltaic solar power plant | Rwanda | A large-scale solar PV solar power plant through a multilevel and multiscalar perspective in Rwanda was assessed. |
| 8. | 2020 | Nsengimana et al. [84] | Photovoltaic microgrid | Rwanda (Kigali) | A comparative study of the on-grid PV microgrid system and the off-grid PV microgrid system was designed and compared in this study. |
| 9. | 2020 | Grimm et al. [85] | Off-grid solar electricity | Rwanda | The study was focused on the ability of households to pay significant sections of their electricity budget for various off-grid solar technologies in rural areas. |
| 10. | 2019 | Bamundekere [86] | Solar energy in Rwanda | Rwanda | The study is aimed at disclosing the contributions of renewable energy to sustainable development. |
| 11. | 2019 | Niyonteze et al. [87] | Solar-powered minigrids | Rwanda | The strategy and semiprivate operator model for solar-powered minigrids and smart metering systems have been suggested to provide a sustainable solution to the energy crisis and power to various energy users in Rwanda. |
| 12. | 2019 | Kennedy et al. [88] | Off-grid solar energy | Rwanda and Kenya | A comparison of the nonparametric customer segmentation clustering approach with linear customer behavior models, classifying customers and exploring customer behavior-related demographic and recruitment variables. |
| 13. | 2019 | Bisaga [71] | Off-grid solar energy access | Rwanda | The study is aimed at resolving a knowledge gap concerning the actions, needs, and expectations of energy usage, focusing on users of the solar home system. |
| 14. | 2019 | Bimenyimana et al. [51] | | Rwanda | HOMER software has been used to model optimal, sustainable, effective, and accessible solar photovoltaic technologies as energy solutions for all (off-grid and on-grid users) to provide all people with affordable and reliable access to electricity. |
| 15. | 2019 | Gloria et al. [89] | Solar energy | Rwanda (Agahozo Shalom) | A researcher reviews solar energy for sustainable urban development in rural areas. |
| 16. | 2019 | Felix et al. [90] | Potential of solar and wind energies | Rwanda | In their report, an evaluation of the capacity of wind and solar energies in the eastern region of Rwanda was carried out. The potential for wind energy and the potential for solar energy were calculated and compared. The analysis indicated that wind energy potential is greater than solar energy potential in the area considered. |
| 17. | 2019 | Mushimiyimana [91] | Solar energy | Rwanda (Kamonyi) | The research is concentrating and looking on a design of a photovoltaic of 0.8 kWh/day for a single household. The aimed target of the design was to increase the number of households connected to an off-grid photovoltaic system in Kamonyi District. |
| 18. | 2019 | Soltowski et al. [92] | Off-grid systems | Rwanda | The main focuses were on the role of smart energy management (SEM) platform in the interconnection of off-grid systems and making bottom-up electrification scalable and how it can improve the overall sustainability, efficiency, and flexibility of off-grid technology. |
| 19. | 2019 | Muvunyi [93] | Viability of micro-hydro-solar PV | Rwanda (Mwogo) | The study was based on the feasibility of a microhydro/PV pump hybrid electric supply system to one pilot village in Rwanda using PVSYST software as an optimization and sensitivity analysis tool. They came up saying that the integration of a solar PV pump and microhydro proved to be a viable operational system. |
| 19. | 2019 | Munyaneza et al. [94] | Solar photovoltaic minigrid | Rwanda (Rwumba) | Solar photovoltaic minigrid that can provide the required power for the village was designed and optimized using HOMER software. The results that indicated the best results corresponding to the optimum PV minigrid were obtained at a capacity shortage of 3%. |
| 20. | 2018 | Rodríguez-Manotas et al. [95] | Utility-scale solar PV | Rwanda | The multi-level perspective (MLP) has been used to model the study and interaction of the different sociotechnical levels to fully understand the conditions that allow this transformation. The study revealed the critical importance of bureaucratic and regulatory support for investment in low-carbon energy technology in a neoliberalization process-influenced political economy, thus creating substantial space for negotiating private contracts. |
| 21. | 2018 | Bimenyimana et al. [96] | Stand-alone and grid-tied solar PV systems | Rwanda (Rwamagana) | Site visits and energy conservation estimates for a standard residential house were used to compare stand-alone and grid-linked PV systems capable of supplying 7.2 kWh/day, loading efficiently. The result was an increase in the production of electricity by domestic energy producers in Rwanda, due to lower initial investment costs and reduced payback periods. |
| 22. | 2018 | Williams et al. [97] | Microgrid utilities for rural electrification | Rwanda | The outcome is the implementation of the Stochastic Techno-Economic Microgrid Model (STEMM), which allows it possible to determine, from an investment perspective, the influence of technological design decisions as well as the financial conditions on the financial feasibility of microgrid projects. |
| 23. | 2018 | Rutibabara [98] | Solar PV, diesel, and hybrid PV-diesel water pumping systems | Rwanda (Bugesera) | The project was conducted to examine the cost of solar PV, diesel, and hybrid PV-diesel water pumping systems for agricultural irrigation in Rwanda, both environmentally and economically. To determine both the environmental and economic feasibility of the proposed pumping systems, the HOMER optimization program was used to take account of the fluctuations in both solar radiation and fuel prices. |
| 24. | 2018 | Nshimiyimana [99] | Solar PV on a grid system | Rwanda (Masaka) | The research discussed in this study explores the feasibility of using a grid-connected solar PV system in the village to supply electricity. To assess whether the investment will be financially worthwhile, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted. The findings show that solar energy is feasible at a moderate cost in this selected village. |
| 25. | 2018 | Lameck [100] | PV-biogas hybrid system | Rwanda (Gakenke) | The analysis proposes a hybrid system consisting of PV and biogas with battery storage from renewable energy sources. The hybrid system is modeled and optimized utilizing HOMER software for technological and economic feasibility. |
| 26. | 2018 | Emmanuel [101] | Solar-wind hybrid system | Rwanda (Kayonza) | During this work, they presented the development of an effective approach of design, simulation, and analysis of a wind-solar hybrid system for a typical rural village in one of the villages of our country. The optimal dispatch strategy of the diesel generator is load following and the total net present cost of each system configuration has been calculated for 20 years of the lifetime of the system to examine the lowest energy cost option. |
| 27. | 2017 | Uwibambe [102] | Design of photovoltaic | Rwanda | The key focus of the project was on the design of off-grid photovoltaic systems, which included an economic assessment of the usage of a 200 W person solar home system and a 10 kW village PV system. |
| 28. | 2017 | Ituze [103] | Hybrid solar photovoltaic-bioenergy system | Rwanda (Gicumbi) | The project evaluated the hybrid solar photovoltaic-bioenergy system for powering remote dwellings in the country. |
| 29. | 2017 | Cyulinyana and Winkler [104] | Surface solar spectrum characteristics | Rwanda | The study represented a model adopted for tropical regions that shows the reliance on atmospheric constituents of surface solar radiation reaching ground level. |
| 30. | 2017 | Rwema [105] | Energy policy implementation | Rwanda | The research describes hydro, solar, and wind: the effect of energy policy on the deployment of renewable energy in Rwanda. |
| 31. | 2017 | Ma and Ma [106] | Off-grid photovoltaic system | Rwanda | There was a simple implementation of the development and design of a portable off-grid photovoltaic device with contingency functions for rural areas. |
| 32. | 2017 | Bisaga et al. [107] | Scalable off-grid energy services | Rwanda and Kenya | This research project is aimed at demonstrating how BBOXX, a solar home system company operating in South-Western Kenya and across Rwanda, can also use Internet of Things (IoT) technology to solve development problems. |
| 33. | 2017 | Kuppa and Zimmerle [108] | Sizing off-grid electrical systems | Rwanda | Estimation of statistical failure method to scale off-grid electrical systems for developing world villages. |
| 34. | 2017 | Bimenyimana et al. [109] | Photovoltaic power system | Rwanda | The research centered on the comparison of maximum power point output monitoring between incremental performance with disruption and observation of architectures in photovoltaic power generation. |
| 35. | 2016 | Collings and Munyehirwe [110] | Pay-as-you-go solar PV | Rwanda | The study claimed that different delivery problems were faced during the implementation of the project and valuable lessons were learned. The effect of considerably more hours of light and the opportunity to charge telephones at home on households using Azuri systems. |
| 36. | 2016 | Grimm al. [111] | Solar kits | Rwanda | The research paper examined the adoption and impact of a fundamental pico-photovoltaic kit that barely meets the modern energy standard of the United Nations. |
| 37. | 2016 | Collings and Munyehirwe [110] | Pay-as-you-go solar PV | Rwanda | The research found that small solar lantern adoption substantially decreased household spending on dry cell batteries and kerosene and improved air quality in the home. |
| 38. | 2016 | Beyer and Habyarimana [112] | Increased application of solar energy | Rwanda | Detailed information from a dedicated network of ground stations on irradiance characteristics in Central Africa (Rwanda) for the characterization of irradiance field statistics and validation of satellite data derived from satellite data. |
| 39. | 2016 | Nshimiyimana [113] | Hybrid solar PV-wind-fuel cell | Rwanda (Mukondo) | The work focused on sizing of a hybrid solar PV-wind-fuel cell power system for an isolated location. |
| 40. | 2016 | Karugarama [114] | Microgrid | Rwanda (Kigali) | The analysis was carried out in Kigali on blackout prevention using a microgrid with advanced energy storage and solar photovoltaics. |
| 41. | 2015 | Crossland et al. [115] | Off-grid photovoltaic system | Rwanda | The sociotechnical approach to increasing the battery life of off-grid photovoltaic systems used in a case study in Rwanda was the key focus. |
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