Optimum Energy Flow Management of a Grid-Tied Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery System considering Cost, Reliability, and CO₂ Emission

Figure 9

(a) Produced power from RES to charge the battery; (b) imported power from the utility grid to the battery; (c, d) discharged power from battery system to the load and grid, respectively.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)