Current Status of Emerging PV Technologies: A Comparative Study of Dye-Sensitized, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Table 4

Summary of materials, processes, and methods used for the development of state-of-the-art OSCs.

Nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs)	NFAs with tunable absorption spectra and electron energy levels	NFAs with fluorine or chlorine atoms (IT-4F36, IEICO-4F37, and BT-CIC13), >16% PCE	Development of donors with matching properties to NFAs (e.g., PM6, P2F-EHp, D16, and PTQ10), >18% PCE
Interfacial layers	Interfacial layers (e.g., PBDTTPD-COOH) optimize vertical phase segregation	Inorganic semiconductor interlayers, such as	Polyelectrolytes with side chains of ionic functional groups and conjugated backbones
Small-molecule organic solar cells	Small-molecule OPVs have well-defined molecular structures and high reproducibility	Synthesis of new donor and acceptor small-molecule	All-small-molecule OPVs with PCEs higher than 15% have been developed
Ternary OPVs	Active layer with 3 organic semiconductors to improve light absorption	Synthesis of novel donor and acceptor materials with synergetic properties	Efficiencies of over 17% with Y6:BTP-M/PM6 and MF1:Y6/PM6 ternary OPVs
Manufacturing techniques and scalability	Spin coating for high-efficiency, small-area OPVs	Spray coating, blade coating	Inkjet printing for large-area OPVs
Stability and lifetime	Encapsulation in glass sealed with epoxy resin results in under illumination	OPVs with polymer sealants retain >95% efficiency after 1000 h under a damp heat test	Ternary OPVs with high thermal stability retain 98% of efficiency, after 300 h of heating at 65°