Mechanism and Optimized Process Conditions of Forming One-Dimensional ZnO Nanorods with Al-Doping by Electrodeposition Method

Figure 7

Morphological evolution of Al-doped ZnO NRAs grown by electrodeposition method as a function of deposition time. The deposition parameters: 3 mM Zn(NO₃)₂, Al³⁺/Zn²⁺ ratio 1 at%, 80°C, electrode distance 2 cm, applied potential -1.5 V, deposition time: (a) 10 min, (b) 30 min, (c) 60 min, and (d) 90 min.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)