|
| Reference/method | Advantages | Disadvantages | Complexity | Cost/economics | Setting time |
|
| [24]/grid design | Structured system and efficient
No need for extra equipment and devices to mitigate high penetration | Only applicable for new residential areas under construction
The phenomenon of high penetration may continue depending on grid conditions | High: although the method is desirable for residential areas under construction, its implementation can also be carried out in existing residential areas, which would involve complexity and cost | High: if the infrastructure already exists, it will imply high costs to make changes.
On the other hand, if it is a new design, the solution would be cheaper. | Not applied |
| [25]/tapped transformer | Good for centralized and decentralized techniques
It is not invasive for the users of the electrical network | The phenomenon of high penetration may continue, especially at critical points of connection
Requires a bidirectional communication network | Low: exchange the transformer for one with variable tap | Medium: tapped transformer implies costs and also requires external communication components. | <0.3 s |
| [27–29]/energy storage | Store the energy not used in the moments of maximum PV generation.
No losses at the PV system and then increase its lifespan | Not so ecological, due to the use of batteries
Depending on the ESS capacity, the voltage variation may continue | Medium: extra stages and controllers are required | Medium: the batteries are expensive, and also a program for its maintenance is required. | ≈0.3 s |
| [30–33]/reactive power | Good performance
No extra infrastructure | Extra losses in wiring and inverter due to injection of reactive power
The power inverter rated should be incremented
In some cases, the grid must be characterized | Medium: in some cases, prior knowledge of critical points in the distribution system | Low: only software modifications are required, no extra infrastructure. | ≈10 s |
| [33]/electric vehicles | Good performance
Taking advantage of electric vehicles | For future implementation
Extra infrastructure
Synchronize users’ times with cogeneration by PV systems | High: high logistics process to carry out the best use of the system | High: the cost of electrical or hybrid vehicles is high. | Not available |
| Proposed APC | No extra infrastructure
No extra losses in the wiring network
No increment on power inverter rated
When batteries are employed, there are no losses at the PV system and then it increases its lifespan | If no batteries are employed, the PV MPPT is not reached when APC operates | Low: the implementation uses the same infrastructure of a traditional PV system | Low: only software modifications are required, no extra infrastructure.
The use of batteries is suggested which may imply extra costs. | <1 s |
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