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Pesticide | Composition | Exposure | Effects on human health | Physical and chemical properties |
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Organophosphorus | Organic carbonaceous and phosphoric acid derivative | Easily absorb by the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract (GI), and conjunctiva and metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the liver | Muscarinic syndrome, nicotine syndrome, effects on the CNS, teratogenic and carcinogenic | Most are polar, highly stable, and water soluble |
Organochlorines | Organic carbonaceous compound with cyclodiene ring | Absorption via skin, GI tract, and lungs, ingestion of contaminated food, and inhalation | It has been linked to diabetes, cancer, asthma, and growth disorder in children | Lipophilic, polar, and show high persistence with long half-life |
Carbamates | Organic compound with general chemical formula RHNCOOR, a derivative of carbamic acid | Absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin | Lesser CNS symptoms, abdominal pain, behavioral change, diarrhea, vomiting, urinary incontinence, dyspnea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypoxemia, etc. | Polar compound, water-soluble, and have potential chemical reactivity |
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids | Natural compounds extracted from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of pyrethrins, chemical structure contains an acidic and alcohol moiety and an ester bond in the center | Show little cytotoxicity but hyperexcitablity, target voltage-gated chloride, sodium and calcium channels, nicotinic receptors, GABA-gated chloride channels, metabolized by CYP450 | They have known to cause asthma and rhinitis (act as an allergen to respiratory system) as well as contact dermatitis | Readily degradable in the presence of light (pyrethrins) |
Triazines | Derivatives of a six-membered heterocyclic compound (s-triazine) with substitution at positions 2, 4, and 6. | ā | Human poisoning is rare and might produce local irritation | ā |
Dithiocarbamates | Synthetic derivatives of S-containing dithiocarbamates (either dimethyldithiocarbamate or ethylenebisdithiocarbamate) in conjugation with metallic salts of manganese, ferric, or zinc | Absorption is slow | Exposure for longer period might produce adverse effects; metabolites are carcinogenic | Less phytotoxic and have more stability |
Phenoxy derivatives | Consist of an aliphatic carboxylic acid group in conjugation with either an aromatic ring (methyl substituted) or chloride | Absorption in GI tract, lungs, negligible in skin | CNS damage, teratogenic, shows hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity, renal failure, hyperthermia, birth defect, etc. | Half-life is less (1-3 days), are easily hydrolyzed and decomposed |
Dipyridyl derivatives | Dipyridylium quaternary ammonium derivatives | Tissue damage in the lungs, liver, and kidneys | Induction of pulmonary injury, hypoxemia, and edema hemorrhage, necrosis in the GI tract, liver, kidney tubules, and lungs | Highly toxic, exposure results in the production of radicals which damage lipid membranes. |
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