Building Information Modeling Assisted Carbon Emission Impact Assessment of Prefabricated Residential Buildings in the Design Phase: Case Study of a Chinese Building
Table 3
Carbon emission factors of some building materials.
Category of building materials
Carbon emission factors of building materials
Category of building materials
Carbon emission factors of building materials
Ordinary Portland cement
735 kg CO2e/t
Crushed stone ( mm)
2.18 kg CO2e/t
C30 concrete
295 kg CO2e/m3
Shale rock
5.08 kg CO2e/t
C50 concrete
385 kg CO2e/m3
Clay
2.69 kg CO2e/t
Lime production (market average)
1190 kg CO2e/t
Plain carbon steel (market average)
2050 kg CO2e/t
Hydrated lime (hydrated lime, calcium hydroxide)
747 kg CO2e/t
PVC (market average)
7300 kg CO2e/t
Natural gypsum
32.8 kg CO2e/t
Tap water
0.168 kg CO2e/t
Sand ()
2.51 kg CO2e/t
Note: the greenhouse gas emission factor comes from the calculation standard of building carbon emission.